Finally, expression of TLR9 was studied in clinical breast cancer

Finally, expression of TLR9 was studied in clinical breast cancer samples and normal breast epithelium with immunohistochemistry. TLR9 staining localized in epithelial cells Duvelisib in both cancer and normal samples. The mean TLR9 staining intensity was significantly increased in the breast cancer cells compared with normal breast epithelial cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that TLR9 expression is increased in breast cancer and CpG oligonucleotide-induced cellular

invasion is mediated via TLR9 and TRAF6, independent of MyD88. Further, our findings suggest that the structure and/or stability of DNA may influence the induction of TLR9-mediated invasion in breast cancer. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(10):1534-43)”
“There is an urgent requirement for unraveling the pathway for biosynthesis of the polysaccharide YCP from the marine fungus Phoma herbarum YS4108 in order to exploit its potential as an anti-tumor agent. Here we present cloning and characterization LY2835219 mouse of UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UDP-GlcDHase), a key enzyme for the biosynthesis

of this glycan. A full-length cDNA encoding UDP-GlcDHase was obtained by PCR using degenerate primers and the RACE strategy. The cDNA was 1846 bp in length with an open reading frame of 1560 bp encoding a protein of 520 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence showed about 50% overall identity to its homologs and a high degree of conservation in the nucleotide binding and catalytic domains. The cDNA was cloned in the Pichia pastoris GS115 on the plasmid vector, pPIC3.5k, to allow inducible expression of the protein with an N-terminal histidine-tag. Recombinant UDP-GlcDHase was affinity purified from crude, cytosolic extracts of the host cells, and characterized in terms of the its substrate affinity and the optimum temperature and pH for its activity. The biochemical properties of the purified recombinant Erastin enzyme were comparable with those of its homologs. The present investigation provides a promising start

for manipulating YCP biosynthesis in P. herbarum. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: To evaluate whether age and gender differences are predictive factors for inferior alveolar nerve position with respect to mandibular first molar roots.\n\nStudy Design: Cone-beam computed tomography scans [0.2-mm(3) voxel size; n = 200 (100 males, 100 females)] of patients aged 15-65 years showing mandibular first and second molars were included in this study. Patients with pathoses that might affect inferior alveolar nerve position, including second molar and/or first premolar extraction, were excluded. Fourteen measurements (mm) were taken from the inferior alveolar nerve to the mesial and distal root apices. Subjects were grouped by age and gender. Data were analysed using two-way analyses of variance with post hoc Bonferroni corrections.

Methods We evaluated the utility of the PHI measure using 409 LLI

Methods We evaluated the utility of the PHI measure using 409 LLINs collected over three years in Nampula Province, Mozambique following a mass distribution campaign in 2008. For each LLIN the diameter and distance from the bottom of the net were recorded for every hole. Holes were classified into four size categories and a PHI was calculated following WHOPES guidelines. We investigate how the size, shape, and location of

holes influence the PHI. The areas of the WHOPES defined categories were compared to circular and elliptical areas based on approximate shape and actual measured click here axes of each hole and the PHI was compared to cumulative damaged surface area of the LLIN. Results The damaged area of small, medium, large, and extra-large holes was overestimated using the WHOPES categories compared to elliptical areas using the actual measured axes. Similar results were found when comparing to circular areas except for extra-large holes which were underestimated. (Wilcoxon signed rank test of differences p smaller than 0.0001

for all sizes). Approximating holes as circular overestimated hole surface area by 1.5 to 2 times or more. There was a significant difference in the mean number of holes smaller than GW3965 0.5 cm by brand and there were more holes of all sizes on the bottom of nets than the top. For a range

of hypothetical PHI thresholds CT99021 used to designate a “failed LLIN”, roughly 75 to 80% of failed LLINs were detected by considering large and extra-large holes alone, but sensitivity varied by brand. Conclusions Future studies may refine the PHI to better approximate overall damaged surface area. Furthermore, research is needed to identify whether or not appropriate PHI thresholds can be used to deem a net no longer protective. Once a cutoff is selected, simpler methods of determining the effective lifespan of LLINs can help guide replacement strategies for malaria control programs.”
“Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) is required for initiation and maintenance of polarized cell growth in budding yeast. Cdk1 activates Rho-family GTPases, which polarize the actin cytoskeleton for delivery of membrane to growth sites via the secretory pathway. Here we investigate whether Cdk1 plays additional roles in the initiation and maintenance of polarized cell growth. We find that inhibition of Cdk1 causes a cell surface growth defect that is as severe as that caused by actin depolymerization. However, unlike actin depolymerization, Cdk1 inhibition does not result in a massive accumulation of intracellular secretory vesicles or their cargoes.

Here we exploited the behavioral differences between good and poo

Here we exploited the behavioral differences between good and poor avoiders to elucidate

the AA neurocircuit. Rats received Sidman AA training and expression of the activity-dependent immediate-early gene c-fos was measured after a shock-free AA test. Six brain regions with known or putative roles in AA were evaluated: amygdala, periaqueductal gray, nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus. Good avoiders showed little Pavlovian freezing and high AA rates at test, the opposite of poor avoiders. Although c-Fos activation was observed throughout the brain, differential activation was found only in subregions of amygdala and PFC. Interestingly, selleck c-Fos correlated with avoidance and freezing in only five of 20 distinct areas evaluated: lateral amygdala, central amygdala, medial amygdala, basal amygdala, and infralimbic PFC. Thus, activity in specific amygdala-PFC circuits likely mediates the competition between instrumental actions and Pavlovian reactions after AA training. Individual differences in AA behavior, long considered a nuisance by researchers, may be the key to elucidating the AA Nepicastat neurocircuit and understanding pathological response profiles.”
“Background Acute posttraumatic tracheobronchial lesions are rare events associated with significant

morbidity and mortality. They are caused by blunt and penetrating trauma, or they are iatrogenic, appearing after intubation or tracheotomy. Although surgery has traditionally been considered the treatment of choice for these injuries, recent reports show that conservative treatment can be effective in selected patients. The aim of this Kinase Inhibitor Library study was to evaluate the role of surgical and conservative management of these lesions, differentiated on the basis of clinical and endoscopic criteria.\n\nMethods From January 1993 to October 2010, a total of 50 patients with acute posttraumatic tracheobronchial lesions were referred for treatment to our department. In all, 36 patients had iatrogenic injuries of the airway, and 14 had

lesions resulting from blunt or penetrating trauma.\n\nResults Of the 30 patients who underwent surgery, the lesion was repaired with interrupted absorbable sutures in 29; the remaining patient, with an associated tracheoesophageal fistula, underwent single-stage tracheal resection and reconstruction and closure of the fistula. In all, 20 patients were treated conservatively: clinical observation in 5 patients, airway decompression with a mini-tracheotomy cannula in 4 spontaneously breathing patients, and tracheotomy with the cuff positioned distal to the lesion in 11 mechanically ventilated patients. One surgical and one conservatively-managed patient died after treatment (4% overall mortality). Complete recovery and healing were achieved in all the remaining patients.

All patients underwent optical coherence tomography, best-correct

All patients underwent optical coherence tomography, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, and dilated fundus examination with indentation, pre- and postoperatively.\n\nResults: The mean (+/- standard deviation) follow-up time was 13 +/- 3 months (range 9-18). Postoperatively, all eyes demonstrated an attached retina, whereas MH closure was achieved in only 1 eye, and in a second

eye after additional injection of gas and further posturing. The BCVA improved from 2.2 +/- 0.4 logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) at baseline to 2.0 +/- 0.5 logMAR at the end of follow-up (p = .05).\n\nConclusion: The failure in MH closure in most of our cases strengthens the learn more view that short-term tamponade with SF(6) may not suffice for achieving MH closure, and either prolonged tamponade (with C(3)F(8) or silicone oil) or additional photocoagulation may be a better option for eyes with see more MHRDs. In addition, it is possible that intravitreal injection of gas might be an option for the treatment of persistent MHs after vitrectomy for MHRD, especially when the MH is small. Further studies are required to evaluate the above findings, although the implementation

of large series studies remains a challenge because of the rarity of cases with MHRDs.”
“We have defined proximal lower limb ischaemia as a decrease in Exercise-transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO(2)) lower than minus 15 mmHg at the buttock level in patients with peripheral artery occlusive disease. The purpose of this study was to objectively evaluate the benefits of direct versus indirect revascularisation of internal iliac arteries (IIAs) for prevention of buttock claudication BIBF1120 in this population.\n\nWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of proximal ischaemia patients who underwent revascularisation and both preoperative and postoperative stress TcPO(2) testing. Revascularisation procedures were classified as either direct revascularisation, including percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and internal

iliac artery bypass, resulting in a direct inflow in a patent IIA (group 1) or indirect revascularisation, including aortobifemoral bypass and recanalisation of the femoral junction on the ischaemic side, resulting in indirect inflow from collateral arteries in the hypogastric territory (group 2). Patency was checked 3 months after revascularisation in all cases.\n\nTreadmill exercise stress tests were performed before and after revascularisation using the same protocol designed to assess pain, determine maximum walking distance (MWD) and measure TcPO(2) during exercise. In addition, ankle brachial indices (ABIs) were calculated.\n\nBetween May 2001 and March 2008, a total of 93 patients with objectively documented proximal ischaemia underwent 145 proximal revascularisation procedures using conventional open techniques in 109 cases and endovascular techniques in 36.

We demonstrated earlier that depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDN

We demonstrated earlier that depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) induces prostate cancer progression. Here, using normal prostate epithelial PNT1A cells we demonstrate that mtDNA depletion prevents detachment-induced

apoptosis (anoikis) and promotes migratory capabilities onto basement membrane proteins through upregulation of p85 and p110 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) subunits, which results in Akt2 activation and phosphorylation of downstream substrates GSK3 beta, c-Myc, MMP-9, Mdm2, and p53. Pharmacological or genetic PI3K inhibition, siRNA-mediated Akt2 depletion, as well as mtDNA reconstitution were sufficient to restore sensitivity to anoikis and curtail cell migration. Moreover, Akt2 activation induced glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression,

Flavopiridol glucose uptake, and lactate production, common phenotypic changes seen in neoplastic cells. In keeping with these findings, several prostate carcinoma cell lines displayed reduced mtDNA content and increased PI3K/Akt2 levels when compared to normal PNT1A cells, and Akt2 downregulation prevented their survival, migration and glycolytic metabolism. On a tissue microarray, we also found a statistically significant decrease selleckchem in mtDNA-encoded cytochrome oxidase I in prostate carcinomas. Taken together, these results provide novel mechanistic evidence supporting the notion that mtDNA mutations may confer survival and migratory advantage to prostate cancer cells through Akt2 signaling.”
“There is increasing evidence linking the incidence of certain cancers to low serum Vitamin D levels. The

active metabolite of Vitamin D, calcitriol (1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3, 1,25(OH)(2)D-3) apart from a crucial role in maintaining mineral homeostasis and skeletal functions, has antiproliferative, apoptosis and differentiation inducing as well as immunomodulatory effects in this website cancer. In studying the role of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 in cancer, it is imperative to examine the potential pathways that control local tissue levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. The enzyme CYP24A1 or 24-hydroxylase converts 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 to inactive calcitroic acid. Extra-renal production of this enzyme is observed and has been increasingly recognized as present in cancer cells. This enzyme is rate limiting for the amount of local 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 in cancer tissues and elevated expression is associated with an adverse prognosis. The gene that encodes CYP24A1 has been reported as an oncogene and may contribute to tumor aggressiveness by abrogating local anti-cancer effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. It is imperative to study the regulation of CYP24A1 in cancer and especially the local metabolism of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 in cancer cells. CYP24A1 may be a predictive marker of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 efficacy in patients with cancer as an adjunctive therapy.

Conclusions: Chemotherapy with rapamycin and etoposide combin

\n\nConclusions: Chemotherapy with rapamycin and etoposide combined is worth exploring as a treatment modality for women with epithelial ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4742-50. (C)2011 AACR.”
“Objective. To examine the biocompatibility of a novel nanohydroxyapatite/poly[lactic-co-glycolic acid] (nHA/PLGA) composite and evaluate its feasibility as a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Methods. Chondrocytes of fetal rabbit were cultured with nHA/PLGA scaffold in vitro and the cell viability was assessed by MTT assay first. Cells adhering to nHA/PLGA scaffold see more were then observed by inverted

microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cell cycle profile was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results. The viability of the chondrocytes on the scaffold was not affected by nHA/PLGA comparing with the control group as it was shown by MTT assay. Cells on the surface and in the pores of the scaffold increased in a time-dependent manner. Results

obtained from flow cytometry showed that there was no significant difference in cell cycle profiles between the coculture group and control (P > 0.05). Conclusion. The porous nHA/PLGA composite scaffold is a biocompatible and good kind of scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.”
“Background\n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system and a leading cause of disability in young and middle-aged adults. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressive agent that has been Sapanisertib purchase used for the prevention of allograft rejection after renal, cardiac, or liver

transplant and in patients with signaling pathway autoimmune diseases such as active relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and progressive MS.\n\nObjectives\n\nTo assess the efficacy and safety of MMF for preventing disease activity in patients with RRMS.\n\nSearch methods\n\nWe searched the Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the Central Nervous System Group Specialised Register (January 14, 2013). We searched three Chinese databases (January 2013) and checked reference lists of identified trials. We contacted authors and pharmaceutical companies to ask for additional information. We applied no language restrictions.\n\nSelection criteria\n\nWe included randomized controlled trials with a follow-up of at least 12 months that compared MMF as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments versus placebo, another drug, or the same cointervention as the treated group.\n\nData collection and analysis\n\nTwo review authors independently selected the trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality, and extracted data.\n\nMain results\n\nOne included study involving 26 participants with new-onset RRMS investigated the efficacy and safety of MMF (13 participants) versus placebo in interferon beta-1a-treated participants.

inornata Body areas sampled included 6 locations from the fish e

inornata. Body areas sampled included 6 locations from the fish epaxial and hypaxial muscles and 1 from each of the adductor mandibulae (cheek muscle), the cranial epaxial muscle, and the muscle of the caudal peduncle. Replicate samples were weighed and the number of plasmodia in each was recorded to determine the average density of plasmodia per gram of muscle in each area. The average density of plasmodia among fish was highly variable and was not correlated with fish size, age, or the homogeneity of distribution. Although the anterior hypaxial muscle (belly flap) was significantly more infected and the caudal peduncle less infected, when compared to all other areas examined in all fish combined,

10 out of 15 fish displayed an otherwise homogeneous distribution when data were analyzed fish by fish. Among the 5 fish with a nonuniform plasmodia distribution, 3 had a significantly higher burden in the belly flap, 1 in the area just posterior PARP activation to the belly flap, and 1 in the cheek muscle. Based on these results, it was determined that hypaxial, caudal peduncle, and cheek muscles MK-2206 supplier contributed greatly to the overall variation in plasmodia distribution observed whereas any portion of the epaxial muscle, as well

as the cranial muscle, would be the least-variable areas to sample to determine the status of infection in any given fish.”
“The cause of fracture of the femoral neck after hip resurfacing is poorly understood. In order to evaluate the role of avascular necrosis we compared 19 femoral heads retrieved at revision for fracture of the femoral neck and 13 retrieved for other reasons.\n\nWe developed a new technique of assessing avascular necrosis in the femoral head by determining the percentage of empty osteocyte lacunae present. Femoral heads retrieved as controls at total hip replacement for

osteoarthritis and avascular necrosis had 9% (SD 4; n = 13) and 85% (SD 5; n = 10, p < 0.001) empty lacunae, respectively.\n\nIn the fracture group the percentage of empty lacunae was 71% (SD 22); in the other group it was 21% (SD 13). The differences between Flavopiridol the groups were highly significant (p < 0.001).\n\nWe conclude that fracture after resurfacing of the hip is associated with a significantly greater percentage of empty osteocyte lacunae within the trabecular bone. This indicates established avascular necrosis and suggests that damage to the blood supply at the time of surgery is a potent risk factor for fracture of the femoral neck after hip resurfacing.”
“Background and objectives Mortality from cardiovascular disease in the Middle East (ME) is projected to increase substantially by 2020. There are no large studies on the impact of risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the region. This is a report on the association of nine risk factors with AMI in the ME. Methods and results As part of the INTERHEART (IH) study, we enrolled 1364 cases of first AMI and 1525 matching controls from eight ME countries.

The EAT area at LMCA level was the best single slice representing

The EAT area at LMCA level was the best single slice representing the risk of metabolic syndrome and coronary atherosclerosis.”
“The objective was to assess goodness of fit Selleckchem AZD8931 and predictive ability of subsets of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers constructed based on minor allele frequency (MAF), effect sizes and varying marker density. Target traits were body weight (BW), ultrasound measurement of breast muscle (BM) and hen house egg production (HHP) in broiler chickens. We used a 600K Affymetrix platform with 1352 birds genotyped. The prediction method

was genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) with 354564 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used to derive a genomic relationship matrix (G). Predictive ability was assessed as the correlation between predicted genomic values and corrected phenotypes from a threefold cross-validation. Predictive ability was Kinase Inhibitor Library purchase 0.27 +/- 0.002 for BW, 0.33 +/- 0.001 for BM and 0.20 +/- 0.002 for HHP. For the three traits studied,

predictive ability decreased when SNPs with a higher MAF were used to construct G. Selection of the 20% SNPs with the largest absolute effect sizes induced a predictive ability equal to that from fitting all markers together. When density of markers increased from 5K to 20K, predictive ability enhanced slightly. These results provide evidence that designing a low-density chip using low-frequency markers with large effect sizes may be useful for commercial usage.”
“Cancer is among most important causes of death in recent decades. Whoever the renal cell carcinoma incidence is low but it seems it is more complicated than the other cancers in terms of pathophysiology and treatments. The purpose of this work

is to provide an overview and also deeper insight to renal cell carcinoma and the steps which have been taken to reach more specific treatment and target therapy, in this type of cancer by developing most effective agents such as Sorafenib. To achieve this CAL-101 inhibitor goal hundreds of research paper and published work has been overviewed and due to limitation of space in a paper just focus in most important points on renal cell carcinoma, treatment of RCC and clinical development of Sorafenib. The information presented this paper shows the advanced of human knowledge to provide more efficient drug in treatment of some complicated cancer such as RCC in promising much better future to fight killing disease.”
“Background: Follistatin (FST), a single chain glycoprotein, is originally isolated from follicular fluid of ovary. Previous studies have revealed that serum FST served as a biomarker for pregnancy and ovarian mucinous tumor. However, whether FST can serve as a biomarker for diagnosis in lung adenocarcinoma of humans remains unclear. Methods and Results: The study population consisted of 80 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, 40 patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma and 80 healthy subjects.

sakazakii biogroups MLVA successfully discriminated among these

sakazakii biogroups. MLVA successfully discriminated among these isolates and compared favorably with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The method was relatively fast and easy to perform. The potential value of MLVA as an epidemiological tool is discussed.”
“In the title compound, Selleck 3-deazaneplanocin A C(28)H(35)N(3)O(4), the piperidine ring adopts a boat conformation while the piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation with an equatorial

orientation of the phenyl groups. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene rings is 74.14 ( 8)degrees. The molecular conformation is stabilized by a weak intramolecular C-H center dot center dot center dot N interaction and the crystal packing is stabilized by weak intermolecular C-H center dot center dot center dot O interactions.”
“The multi-dimensional quantum hydrodynamic equations for charge transport in ultra-small electronic devices like semiconductors, where quantum effects (like particle tunnelling through potential barriers and built-up in quantum wells) take place, is considered in the present paper, and the recent progress on well-posedness, stability analysis, and small scaling limits are reviewed.”
“Objective To investigate the early and delayed effects of cavernous nerve electrocautery injury (CNEI) in a rat model, with the expectation that this model could be used to test rehabilitation therapies for erectile dysfunction

(ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP). Materials and Methods In all, 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided equally into two groups (15 per group). Vorinostat purchase The control group

received CNs exposure surgery only and the experimental group received bilateral CNEI. At 1, 4 and 16 weeks after surgery (five rats at each time point), the ratio of maximal intracavernosal pressure (ICP) to mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in the two groups. Neurofilament expression in the dorsal penile nerves was assessed by immunofluorescent staining and Masson’s trichrome staining was used to assess the smooth muscle to collagen ratio in both groups. Results At the 1-week follow-up, Bak apoptosis the mean ICP/MAP was significantly lower in the CNEI group compared with the control group, at 9.94% vs 70.06% (P smaller than 0.05). The mean ICP/MAP in the CNEI group was substantially increased at the 4- (35.97%) and 16-week (37.11%) follow-ups compared with the 1-week follow-up (P smaller than 0.05). At all three follow-up time points, the CNEI group had significantly decreased neurofilament staining compared with the control group (P smaller than 0.05). Also, neurofilament expressions in the CNEI group at both 4 and 16 weeks were significantly higher than that at 1 week (P smaller than 0.05), but there was no difference between 4 and 16 weeks (P bigger than 0.05). The smooth muscle to collagen ratio in the CNEI group was significantly lower than in the control group at the 4- and 16-week follow-ups (P smaller than 0.

Current protocols address the natural history of patients treated

Current protocols address the natural history of patients treated www.selleckchem.com/products/rsl3.html for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Wiskott-Aldrich

syndrome, and chronic granulomatous disease through retrospective, prospective, and cross-sectional studies. The PIDTC additionally seeks to encourage training of junior investigators, establish partnerships with European and other International colleagues, work with patient advocacy groups to promote community awareness, and conduct pilot demonstration projects. Future goals include the conduct of prospective treatment studies to determine optimal therapies for primary immunodeficiency diseases. To date, the PIDTC has funded 2 pilot projects: newborn screening for SCID in Navajo Native Americans and B-cell reconstitution in patients Saracatinib with SCID after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Ten junior investigators have received grant awards. The PIDTC Annual Scientific Workshop has brought together consortium members, outside speakers, patient advocacy groups, and young investigators and trainees to report progress of the protocols and discuss common interests and goals, including new scientific developments and future directions of clinical research. Here we report the progress of the PIDTC to date, highlights of the first 2 PIDTC workshops, and consideration

of future consortium objectives.”
“Background: What makes a good clinical student is an area that has received little coverage in the literature

and much of the available literature is based on essays and surveys. It is particularly relevant as recent curricular innovations have resulted in greater student autonomy. We also wished to look in depth at what makes a good clinical teacher. Methods: A qualitative approach using individual interviews with educational supervisors and focus groups with senior clinical students was used. Data was analysed using a “framework” technique. Results: Good clinical students were viewed as enthusiastic and motivated. They were considered to be proactive and were noted to be visible in the www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2606368.html wards. They are confident, knowledgeable, able to prioritise information, flexible and competent in basic clinical skills by the time of graduation. They are fluent in medical terminology while retaining the ability to communicate effectively and are genuine when interacting with patients. They do not let exam pressure interfere with their performance during their attachments. Good clinical teachers are effective role models. The importance of teachers’ non-cognitive characteristics such as inter-personal skills and relationship building was particularly emphasised. To be effective, teachers need to take into account individual differences among students, and the communicative nature of the learning process through which students learn and develop. Good teachers were noted to promote student participation in ward communities of practice.