The finding that basically eight of fifteen identified transcripts in the ICEclc core region are upregulated during stationary phase, suggests a coordinated GDC-0068 order global control mechanism, which is perhaps assisted by the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS. Indeed, some evidence AG-881 nmr for RpoS control was obtained from sequence motifs in the inrR promoter. It

is interesting to speculate as to what would be the ecological or physiological advantage for ICEclc to become active during stationary phase. One hypothesis is that of the ‘sinking ship’: the element senses that its host survival (and therefore that of itself) is endangered and tries to escape to a more favorable host cell (even though this must be in its immediate vicinity). Even more intriguing is perhaps the carbon substrate-specific upregulation of ICEclc activity, which is highest after growth on 3-chlorobenzoate, less with fructose and very low with glucose or succinate as carbon sources. Upregulation of the ICEclc core region expression in stationary phase cells grown with 3-chlorobenzoate is in agreement

with previous results showing increased activity of the integrase promoter [26], increased proportion of ICEclc excised DNA and increased ICEclc transfer rates [27]. Since it is assumed that during stationary phase cells have depleted their carbon source, the AZD5363 price carbon source can no longer be directly be responsible for the activation, but somehow must have generated a ‘memory’ effect which triggers ICEclc response. In this light, the repression seen for transcription read-through from ORF101284 with glucose and succinate might point to a Crc-type regulation of catabolite repression in Pseudomonas [32, 33], although for the time being no specific Crc binding motifs were detected in the ICEclc core region. Conclusions In conclusion, we have identified fifteen transcripts covering the presumed core region for behavioral functions of ICEclc. Eight of those are concertedly upregulated during stationary

phase, but only after previous growth of the cells on 3-chlorobenzoate or fructose, which explains previous results that have seen highest ICEclc transfer rates under such conditions [27]. Selleckchem RG7420 The number and lengths of ICEclc transcripts is similar to that found for typical conjugative plasmid systems, yet the mode of global transcription control is more reminiscent for phage-type control. We thus conclude that the hybrid transcriptional control mode comprising both conjugative plasmid and phage strategies has been selected in mobile elements of the ICEclc group. Methods Growth conditions and harvesting P. knackmussii B13, the original host of ICEclc, was cultivated in minimal medium (MM) based on the type 21C medium [34].

Statistically relevant differences between the strains (based on students TTEST values below 0.05) are indicated by letters above columns. In addition to the gentamicin protection assay, which gives quantitative data, immune-fluorescence microscopy was applied as an independent method to

investigate host cell interaction of C. diphtheriae strains. This method has the advantage of allowing direct visualization, although only on a qualitative level. Using an antiserum directed against C. diphtheriae surface proteins and antibody staining before and after permeabilization of the host cell, internalized C. diphtheriae were detected (Fig. 3). Interestingly, V-shaped C. diphtheriae dimers within the cells were observed. These V-forms are the result #MI-503 chemical structure randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# of the Corynebacterium-specific snapping division and indicate growing bacteria.

Together with a tendency towards formation of clusters of cells (Fig. 3C and 3F), this observation suggests that bacteria replicate within the host cells and growth and elimination described above (Fig. 2A-C) are parallel processes. Figure 3 Detection of intracellular C. diphtheriae in Detroit562 cells by immune-fluorescence microscopy. D562 cells were seeded on coverslips 48 h prior to infection and infected with C. diphtheriae (DSM43989 tox +, all others are non-toxigenic) for 4 h with at a MOI of 200 as described earlier [26]. Antibodies directed against the surface proteome of C. diphtheriae were used as primary, Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgGs and Alexa-Fluor 568 goat anti-rabbit IgGs as secondary antibodies (A, D: intact D562, B, PHA-848125 order E: permeabilized D562, C, F: overlay with blue F-actin stain Phalloidin-Alexa-Fluor 647, A-C: ISS3319, D-F: ISS4060. Green stain in panels A and D indicate extracellular bacteria. Dark red stain in panels B and E indicates internalized C. diphtheriae, while adherent bacteria appear in light Rapamycin concentration red. In the overlay (C, F) extracellular C. diphtheriae appear orange, while internalized bacteria are stained

dark red. Scale bars: 20 μm. Influence of C. diphtheriae on the transepithelial resistance of cell monolayers Some pathogens, such as Salmonella enteric serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), can cause severe damage on cell membranes and due to the resulting loss of cell integrity, the transepithelial resistance of monolayers is dramatically reduced (for example see [18]). In this study, we used S. Typhimurium NCTC12023 as a positive control (Fig. 4A) and tested the influence of different C. diphtheriae strains on transepithelial resistance (Fig. 4B). Infection of Detroit562 monolayers with S. Typhimurium caused a dramatic break-down of transepithelial resistance within 1.5 h while all tested C. diphtheriae strains including tox + strain DSM43989 had no effect on transepithelial resistance within a time span of three hours.

The Modlab® T3SS effector prediction software gives for A. salmonicida IS630 a positive output at 0.69 which means, that the IS630 itself is a potential T3SS effector. Hence, when the bacteria colonize NU7441 the host, the IS630 expression could be induced and they could begin to exert their transposase activity by excising the transposon (composite if associated to adjacent additional DNA fragments)

from the bacterial genome. Subsequently, the transposase linked to its transposon could be translocated into the host cell by the T3SS, reach the host genome in the nucleus, and finally perform its transposition. Bacterial IS630 elements constitute with the Tc1/mariner eukaryotic DNA click here transposon family, a superfamily [46]. It was demonstrated in vitro that eukaryotic members of this family are able to transpose into prokaryotic genomes [46]. We suppose that the opposite could also be possible as IS630 itself could be translocated via type

three secretion system from the pathogen to its host. In this perspective, our assumption could explain how the adaptive horizontal transfer of a bacterial mannanase gene (HhMAN1) into the genome of an invasive insect pest of coffee (Hypothenemus hampei) occurred in the immediate genetic vicinity of a Tc1/mariner transposon [47]. Conclusions In this study we describe HCN-IS630-RFLP as an adequate method for subtyping A. salmonicida strains and to differentiate A. salmonicida from other Aeromonas species. The high

degree of conservation of HCN-IS630-RFLP profiles among strains very of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolated from geographically most distant areas and over the period of half a century shows that practically all copies of IS630 are stably integrated in this pathogen that has a well-defined host range. We therefore conclude that IS630 might have contributed to the pathoadaptation of A. salmonicida to salmonidae and to the emergence of the subtype A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Methods Bacterial strains and growth conditions Aeromonas strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Bacteria were grown on trypticase soy agar plates at 18°C for 3 to 6 days until sufficient bacteria were available for DNA extraction. Southern blot analysis with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida IS630 probe Total DNA extraction from each strain was performed with the Peqgold Bacterial DNA extraction Kit (Peqlab Biotechnologie, Erlangen, Germany). One microgram of DNA from each sample was digested overnight with XhoI restriction enzyme (Roche AZD2014 Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), loaded on a 0.7% agarose gel and subjected to electrophoresis for 4 to 5 hours.

Differences in survival times were assessed using the log rank test. First, to confirm the representativeness of the prostate cancer in present study, we analyzed established prognostic predictors of prostate cancer patient survival. Kaplan-Meier

Selleckchem Nirogacestat analysis demonstrated a significant impact of well-known clinicopathological prognostic parameters, such as seminal vesicle invasion, and Gleason score (P < 0.05, Table 2). Assessment of biochemical recurrence-free survival www.selleckchem.com/products/epz-6438.html in total prostate cancer revealed that the high expression level of RABEX-5 mRNA was correlated with adverse biochemical recurrence free survival of prostate cancer patients (Figure 2). Since variables observed to have a prognostic influence by univariate analysis may covariate, the expression of RABEX-5 mRNA and those clinicalopathological parameters that were significant in univariate analysis were further examined in multivariate analysis. The results showed that the high expression of RABEX-5 mRNA was an independent

prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence-free survival (relative risk: 1.642, 95% CI: 1.154-2.337, P = 0.006, Table 2). With regard to other parameters, Gleason score or seminal vesicle invasion status was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for biochemical recurrence-free survival. Table 2 Prognostic LGX818 value of RABEX-5 mRNA expression for the biochemical recurrence free survival in univariate and multivariate analyses by Cox regression   Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis Covariant Exp (B) 95% CI P value Exp (B) 95% CI P value RABEX-5 mRNA expression 1.716 1.207-2.439 0.003 1.642 1.154-2.337 0.006 Gleason score 1.703 1.280-2.265 <0.001 1.674 1.259-2.225 <0.001 Seminal vesicle invasion 1.505 1.132-2.003 0.005 1.443 1.084-1.920 0.012 Preoperative PSA 1.241 0.705-2.188 0.454

      Angiolymphatic invasion 1.084 0.814-1.443 0.580       Surgical margin status 1.017 0.709-1.459 0.925       PCa Stage 1.090 0.921-1.291 Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) 0.316       Lymph node metastasis 1.140 0.850-1.528 0.381       Age 1.068 0.804-1.419 0.650       Figure 2 Associations between RABEX-5 mRNA expression and biochemical recurrence free time after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer. Patients with high RABEX-5 mRNA expression showed significantly shorter biochemical recurrence free survival than those with low RABEX-5 mRNA expression (P < 0.001, log-rank test). Relationship between clinicopathological variables, RABEX-5 mRNA expression, and overall survival In terms of overall survival, patients with high RABEX-5 mRNA expression had a poorer overall survival than patients with low RABEX-5 mRNA expression. Prostate cancer patients with high RABEX-5 mRNA expression had shorter overall survival.

Bone size is the largest predictor of mechanical properties, more so than bone mineral measures or body composition. Interestingly, size-independent measures of

bone quality are most affected by the size of the bone, which implies a reduced quality with increasing quantity. Correlation coefficients between body mass measures and bone size measures show that LBM is positively correlated with bone size in both groups (c), (d), (g), (h) and that FBM is very weakly negatively correlated with bone size. Correlation coefficients are conducted separately for young and adult groups vBMD volumetric bone mineral density, M.A. second selleckchem moment of area, A Ct. cross-sectional area, R o outer Ct. Rd, LBM lean body mass, FBM fat body mass, σ y yield strength, σ u mTOR inhibitor maximum strength, E bending modulus, K c fracture toughness, P y yield load, P u maximum load, (D, t, M.A.) composite bone size score, (σ y , σ u , E) composite strength and modulus score * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 aOne mouse died in week 4 of the study from fighting Discussion In this study, we have PLX3397 manufacturer evaluated the effects of diet-induced obesity on cortical bone and found a large reduction in the mechanical properties of the cortical bone with diabetic obesity in both young and adult mice. Although larger bone size is expected, especially

with higher lean body mass [26, 36–39], the mechanical performance of the bone is nevertheless degraded by the effects of obesity with higher leptin and IGF-I levels and significantly higher fat body mass. As higher IGF-I levels are associated with larger bone size, especially at the periosteum, these data are in agreement

with our observed trends in bone size in the young group. The slight CYTH4 reduction in IGF-I for adults is also in agreement with the slight reduction in bone size that was observed in aHFD. Such reduced mechanical properties are also consistent with the high blood glucose levels, which may be a partial contributor to the fracture incidence observations in diabetic people [4, 13]. Finally, the greater AGEs with obesity may offer insight into the observed reduced mechanical properties. Assuming that the levels of AGEs are normal in the LFD groups, then the elevated levels in the HFD groups could help explain reduced fracture toughness [23–25], especially in the adult group, as the resultant increase in collagen cross-linking can suppress plasticity in bone by such mechanisms as fibrillar sliding. We specifically investigated changes in both tissue quantity, as measured by bone size and mineral content, and bone tissue quality, which was quantified with histomorphometric analyses and qualified by imaging of structural organization. Geometric effects were small (young mice had increased diameter, adult mice had reduced cortical thickness, and other measures were unchanged).

9, p = 0.004, ANOVA). There was also a very strong trend for improvement in the overall effectiveness of teaching (p = 0.058, Kruskall Wallis test). Figure 6 Box plot of the mean of ratings of the attributes of the questionnaire. Sixteen CB-839 Al-Ain and 14 Auckland students offered open-ended comments (60%). All comments were supportive of use of the interactive lecture approach, practical examples, enthusiasm and clarity of the instructor. Typical comments are presented in Table 3 from which slight differences in length and fluency

of comments are discernible. Table 3 What did you like best about this tutor’s teaching? Typical student comments Comments Al-Ain students Comments Auckland students The kind of lecturing which depends on student discussion and questioning which can hold the attention of the students AZD3965 clinical trial for maximal time It was interesting. The tutor

was enthusiastic and that made me enthusiastic. He had a good approach because rather than lecturing to us he got us to participate. I liked the way he choose particular students to answer questions as some students are quieter and would like to answer questions but often do not come forward quickly – he made it so these students got the opportunity to come forward Introduction, slide presentation; group discussion and brain storming; starting from how much we understood and then adding to it Nice slides; enjoyed the introduction “”Ice-breaking”", clear illustrations; 4-Hydroxytamoxifen concentration explanations of all facts presented Portrayed his immense knowledge really well; very interesting and his enthusiasm is infective Way of discussion; asking students questions, using real and good cases His topic; the way he asked questions to individuals and was open to questions. Relaxed environment; talked with us, not at us Giving practical and real examples Good use of slides and photos relevant to real world. Explanations clear; opportunity for questions good;

interesting material presented in a clear manner. Use of real life slide; encouraging us to participate and understand the material for by asking and answering questions; not only lecturing Variety of examples given was great; incorporation of theory into slide presentations; management scheme given, not just advice on parts of management Beautiful examples matching with reality Good use of practical examples – how trauma occurred, what that means and what to do Discussion Competition on the curriculum space, the need for student-centered learning, and a direction towards more medical care in the community, have reduced the time for teaching undergraduate surgery. Obligatory surgical rotations of the undergraduate curriculum have declined by almost 30% in the United States [9]. We have realized over time the need to promote problem-oriented, [10] patient-centered [11], and student-centered [12] approaches in surgical education of medical students.

The observation of a current-independent point in ρ xx which corresponds to its temperature-independent counterpart suggests that applying a high current is equivalent CB-5083 mouse to heating up the graphene lattice. Conclusions In conclusion,

we have presented magnetoresistivity measurements on multilayer epitaxial graphene. It is found that a relation between the effective Dirac fermion temperature and the driving current can be given by T DF ∝ I ≈0.5 in the low Selleckchem Crenigacestat magnetic field regime. With increasing magnetic field, an I-independent point in ρ xx is observed which is equivalent to its T-independent counterpart in the low current limit. Evidence for direct I-QH transition has been reported in four different graphene samples. Near the crossing field where the longitudinal resistivity is approximately T-independent, ρ xx is at least two times larger than ρ xy. Moreover, the product of Drude mobility and B c is smaller than 1. We suggest that further studies are required to obtain a complete understanding of direct I-QH transition in disordered graphene. Acknowledgements This work was funded by the National Science Council (NSC), Taiwan and National Taiwan University

(grant number 102R7552-2). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1: The magnetoresistivity measurements ρ xx (B) at different T for sample 2. The inset shows the Hall measurements ρ xy (B) at different T for sample 2. Figure S2 The magnetoresistivity measurements ρ xx (B) at different T for sample 3. The inset shows the Hall measurements ρ xy (B) at different T for sample 3. Figure S3 The magnetoresistivity measurements ρ xx (B) at different T for sample Mocetinostat 4. The inset

shows the Hall measurements ρ xy (B) at different T for sample 4. (DOCX 3 MB) References 1. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 2004, 306:666.CrossRef 2. Zhang Y, Tan Y-W, Stormer HL, Kim P: Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 2005, 438:201.CrossRef 3. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Katsnelson MI, Grigorieva IV, Dubonos SV, Firsov AA: G protein-coupled receptor kinase Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 2005, 438:197.CrossRef 4. Bolotin KI, Ghahari F, Shulman MD, Stormer HL, Kim P: Observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene. Nature 2009, 462:196.CrossRef 5. Du X, Skachko I, Duerr F, Luican A, Andrei EY: Fractional quantum Hall effect and insulating phase of Dirac electrons in graphene. Nature 2009, 462:192.CrossRef 6. Feldman BE, Krauss B, Smet JH, Yacoby A: Unconventional sequence of fractional quantum Hall states in suspended graphene. Science 2012, 337:1196.CrossRef 7. Lin Y-M, Valdes-Garcia A, Han S-J, Farmer DB, Meric I, Sun Y, Wu Y, Dimitrakopoulos C, Grill A, Avouris P, Jenkins KA: Wafer-scale graphene integrated circuit. Science 2011, 332:1294.CrossRef 8.

Ontario Drug Benefits claims data were used to Danusertib chemical structure identify use of bisphosphonates (alendronate, etidronate, and risedronate), calcitonin, estrogen therapy, raloxifene, oral steroids, and thyroid medication using a 1-year lookback period from date of questionnaire completion. “Current users” were those whose questionnaire completion date see more fell within a period of drug treatment—defined by the prescription dispensing date, number of days of medication supplied, and a 50% grace period to allow for a missed or reduced dose. “Past use” was identified by dispensing within the lookback period, without theoretical overlap with

questionnaire date. “Never use” was coded when there were no relevant pharmacy claims within the lookback period. In a sensitivity analysis, we considered a lookback period of 180 days as this time frame was examined previously [14]. We also considered a lookback period of 5 years restricted to the subgroup aged 70 or more years to permit a longer period of time to define “never” use based on pharmacy claims. Non-osteoporosis formulations (daily or IV etidronate, 40 mg Angiogenesis inhibitor alendronate, 30 mg risedronate, and 50/100 IU nasal calcitonin or injection calcitonin) were documented separately. We

did not consider teriparatide or zoledronic acid because these were not available during the study period. Data linkage and eligibility Study participants were linked to provincial healthcare utilization databases using probabilistic also matching based on name, date of birth, and residential postal code [15]. While deterministic

linkage using a common unique identifier, such as health insurance number, would have been preferable, we did not collect this detail from participants during the survey. Participants successfully linked to claims data were eligible for the current study. We then restricted inclusion to those aged 66 or more years at the time of questionnaire completion to ensure a minimum of 1 year of pharmacy claims data prior to questionnaire completion. All analyses were performed at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sociodemographic characteristics of participants and drug use within the year prior to questionnaire completion. Agreement between self-report of drug use and pharmacy claims was examined using kappa statistics for current versus past/never use and ever versus never use. Quadratic weighted kappa statistics were calculated for ordinal values of never, past, or current use. Kappa statistic values below 0.61 indicate from no to fair agreement, between 0.61 and 0.80 indicate good agreement, between 0.81 and 0.92 indicate very good agreement, and between 0.93 and 1.00 indicate excellent agreement [16].

Incidence of Selleck LEE011 pediatric IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:511–5.PubMed”
“Introduction Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), characterized by the predominant deposition of IgA in the mesangium, is the most frequent primary glomerulonephritis Selleckchem AZD1080 worldwide as well as constituting ≥ 30 % of adult chronic glomerulonephritis in Japan [1, 2]. The slow progression to end-stage renal disease is known to occur in up to 30–40 % of patients within 20 years [3]. However,

a variety of clinical and pathological features emerge while its prognosis varies greatly from case to case. An effective therapeutic modality remains to be established despite the great number of therapeutic trials that have been tried [4–6]. Therefore, we considered it necessary to establish a therapeutic strategy taking into account gender, age, histological findings, and Emricasan clinical trial laboratory characteristics.

Regarding the treatment of IgAN, Xie et al. [7] reported on the efficacy of tonsillectomy in 2003. On the other hand, Pozzi et al. [8, 9] reported the effectiveness of steroid pulse therapy based on a series of randomized control trials in 1999 and 2004. Tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse therapy has rapidly spread in Japan. Recently, Kawamura et al. [10] proposed the domestic clinical guidelines for IgAN in Japan, v. 3 (referred to hereafter as CGJ-IgAN)

in which dialysis induction risk groups were stratified by prognostic grades that took into account histological as well as clinical severities (Tables 1, 2, 3). Table 1 Classification of clinical severity of IgAN Clinical severity Urinary protein (g/day) eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) C-grade I <0.5 – C-grade II ≥0.5 ≥60 C-grade III ≥0.5 <60 eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) Table 2 Classification of pathologic severity of IgAN Pathologic severity Number of glomeruli with global 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase sclerosis + segmental lesion/total number of glomeruli (%) Acute lesions only Acute + chronic lesions Chronic lesions only H-grade I 0–24.9  A A/C C H-grade II 25–49.9  A A/C C H-grade III 50–74.9  A A/C C H-grade IV ≥75 A A/C C Acute lesion (A): cellular crescent, fibrocellular crescent, glomerular capillary necrosis, chronic lesion (C): nodular sclerosis, segmental glomerulosclerosis, fibrous crescent, segmental lesion: cellular crescent, fibrocellular crescent, segmental sclerosis, fibrous crescent Table 3 Dialysis induction risk   H-grade I H-grade II H-grade III C-grade I Low Moderate High C-grade II Moderate Moderate High C-grade III High High Very high Proper therapeutic options for IgAN cannot be provided unless pathological diagnosis can be standardized as reliable prognostic indicators.

The sampling source related PD0332991 datasheet nonsusceptibility is shown in LDC000067 price Table 2. Table 2 Ranking of macrolide nonsusceptibility among IPD isolates in Germany from 1992 to 2008 related to the sampling source (n = 11,807) Sampling source I% R% I+R% total (n) Pharynx 0.0 CBL0137 nmr 75.0 75.0 4 Pericard 0.0 50.0 50.0 8 Mastoid 0.0 40.0 40.0 10 BAL 0.6 18.7 19.4 154 Others/unknown 0.0 18.3 18.3 131 CSF 0.2 17.7 17.8 1824 Blood 0.3 15.6 15.9 9352 Pleural fluid 0.4 14.7 15.1 252 Eye 0.0 11.1 11.1 9 Ascites 0.0 8.7 8.7 23 Joint 0.0 5.6 5.6 36 Ear 0.0 0.0 0.0 4 Total 0.3 16.0 16.3 11807 Table 3 Serotype distribution among IPD isolates from different sampling sites in Germany from 1992 to 2008 in percent (n = 11,807) Sero type Ascites BAL Blood CSF Joint Pleural fluid Total (%) Total (n)

14 9,1 10,7 17,4 14,8 0,0 11,0 16,5 1546 3 0,0 6,0 8,6 5,7 3,0 13,8 8,1 759 7F 4,5 1,2 8,0 7,2 0,0 7,2 7,7 718 1 4,5 6,0 8,3 2,6 12,1 15,5 7,4 690 23F 4,5 8,3 5,7 7,1 3,0 6,6 5,9

557 4 4,5 7,1 6,0 3,8 6,1 3,9 5,5 511 19F 9,1 7,1 4,2 6,8 3,0 3,9 4,8 448 6B 9,1 6,0 4,3 6,6 12,1 4,4 4,8 447 6A 4,5 2,4 4,0 5,7 12,1 4,4 4,3 405 9V 0,0 4,8 4,8 2,3 6,1 2,8 4,3 404 18C 4,5 3,6 2,8 5,8 9,1 3,3 3,5 326 19A 4,5 4,8 3,5 2,7 3,0 1,7 3,4 321 8 9,1 1,2 2,4 2,0 0,0 0,6 2,2 208 22F 0,0 0,0 Sulfite dehydrogenase 2,3 2,0 6,1 0,6 2,2 206 10A 4,5 1,2 1,6 2,7 3,0 1,7 1,8 172 9N 0,0 2,4 1,9 1,7 0,0 1,1 1,8 170 11A 0,0 1,2 1,6 1,7 0,0 2,8 1,6 150 12F 4,5 2,4 1,3 1,2 0,0 0,6 1,3 121 24F 0,0 0,0 1,2 1,6 0,0 0,6 1,2 116 23A 0,0 1,2 0,8 1,2 0,0 2,8 0,9 88 15B 0,0 0,0 0,7 1,5 3,0 1,7 0,9 83 35F 4,5 0,0 0,7 1,0 0,0 1,7 0,8 74 33F 0,0 1,2 0,6 1,2 3,0 0,6 0,7 68 38 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,7 61 5 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,3 0,0 0,6 0,6 56 15C 4,5 1,2 0,5 0,7 3,0 0,0 0,6 53 15A 0,0 0,0 0,5 0,7 0,0 1,1 0,5 48 9A 0,0 1,2 0,5 0,4 0,0 1,1 0,5 47 20 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,5 0,0 1,1 0,5 43 17F 4,5 3,6 0,3 0,6 0,0 0,0 0,4 39 NT 0,0 2,4 0,4 0,3 3,0 0,0 0,4 39 16F 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,6 0,0 0,6 0,4 34 33A 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,4 0,0 0,6 0,3 30 31 0,0 2,4 0,3 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,3 26 18A 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,4 3,0 0,0 0,2 22 34 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,6 0,0 0,6 0,2 21 Others* 9,1 10,7 2,3 4,5 6,1 1,7 2,8 264 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 9371 not serotyped 4,3 45,5 23,8 2,1 8,3 28,2 20,6 2436 Only sampling sites with ≥ 20 isolates were included in this table.