Moreover, hundreds of people have become handicapped each year [9]. These data indicate the importance of occupational accidents. It has been reported that occupational accidents are more common in males (84-86%) [10–13], and our results correlate with the literature. More participation of males in selleck chemical work life possibly contributes to this finding. It has also been reported that occupational accidents are more common in 25–34 age group [9, 10, 12, 14]. Majority of our study population were also in that age group. This may have been resulted from the fact that people from this age group belong to the productive population segment, and at the same time they are

employed in more risky and hard jobs. Karakurt et al. [15] reported that most occupational accidents occurred in December whereas Dizdar et al. [3] and Satar et al. [16] reported that occupational accidents increased in June, July and August. We observed that occupational accidents increased in May, June and July possibly because of air warming with resulting increase in volume of construction and agriculture

sectors, with a parallel increase in manufacture of goods. Previous studies showed that occupational accidents mostly occur with check details workers having less than 10 working years [12, 17]. We found that rate of occupational accidents was the highest in workers Selleckchem BIBF-1120 with working years between 1–5 years, possibly because beginner workers are more careful at the beginning due to fear of making mistakes,

but they may be progressively more careless as they gain experience. Sayhan et al. [12] reported that occupational accidents occur mostly between 08.00-16.00 hours. Serinken et al. reported that the highest frequency of occupational accidents was observed between 08.00-12.00 hours [18]. We also found that most occupational accidents (64.1%) tetracosactide were seen between 08.00-16.00 hours. The frequency of occupational accidents increased during the day, gradually decreased at evening, and became minimized at night, possibly because only those working in night shifts remain at work at those hours. Another reason for the tendency of occupational accidents to occur more frequently during the first hours of a workday may be the fact that the workers begin to work without enough focus or adaptation to working environment. Ozkan et al. [2] reported that majority of victims of occupational accidents worked in manufacturing and construction sectors (60%, 24%). In our study, 28.7% of the occupational accident cases worked in construction sector, 10.2% in manufacturing sector. Regional differences also brought about sectoral variations. Serinken et al. [18] reported that cuts and lacerations had the highest rate with 40.1% followed by fractures-dislocations with a rate of 25.8%. In the study by Ozkan et al. [2], on the other hand, soft tissue injuries ranked first with a rate of 36.

J Trauma 1996,41(1):120–2.CrossRefPubMed 12. Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, Williams JL, Swerdlow DL, Biggerstaff MS, Lindstrom S, Louie JK, Christ CM, Bohm SR, Fonseca VP, Ritger KA, Kuhles DJ, Eggers P, Bruce H, Davidson HA, Lutterloh E, Harris ML, Burke C, Cocoros N, Finelli L, MacFarlane KF, Shu B, Olsen SJ, Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Pregnancy Working Group: H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA. Lancet 2009,374(9688):451–8.CrossRefPubMed 13. Centers for Disease Control and Doramapimod datasheet Prevention (CDC): Novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in three pregnant women – MK-8931 cost United States, April-May 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly

Rep 2009,58(18):497–500. 14. Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Macfarlane K, Cragan JD, Williams J, Henderson Z, Pandemic Influenza and Pregnancy Working Group: Pandemic influenza and pregnant women: summary of a meeting of experts. Am J Public Health 2009,99(Suppl 2):S248–54.CrossRefPubMed 15. Lapinsky

SE: H1N1 novel influenza A in pregnant and immunocompromised patients. Crit Care Med 2009, in press. 16. Pak J, Tucci VT, Vincent AL, Sandin RL, Greene JN: Mucormycosis in immunochallenged patients. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2008,1(2):106–13.CrossRefPubMed 17. Hopkins Vorinostat concentration MA, Treloar DM: Mucormycosis in diabetes. Am J Crit Care 1997,6(5):363–7.PubMed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions BP – conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and drafted the manuscriptHB – participated in data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript EB – participated in data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript OBI – participated in data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript AB – participated in data acquisition and drafting of the manuscript YK – conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination All authors read

and approved the final manuscript”
“Background Appendicectomy is still the most common procedure in general surgery practice but diagnostic failure may still occur and this leads to delay in treatment or negative (non-therapeutic) appendectomies. We aimed to analyze retrospectively the diagnostic efficiency of the preoperative tests in relation with histopathologic Resminostat results. Methods Data of the 277 conventional appendectomies performed for acute appendicitis (AA) between March 2007 and April 2008 were collected. Fifteen patients with perforated appendicitis, 23 patients whose preoperative laboratory tests performed at another centre and 43 patients operated on without preoperative ultrasonography (USG) were excluded. In the remaining 196 patients, all had clinical findings such as, history of anorexia, pain followed by nausea, right lower quadrant pain, vomiting, rebound tenderness, guarding, rigidity and conventional appendectomies were carried out.

(a) 1 h, (b) 3 h, (c and d) 6 h, and (e and f) 12 h. On the basis of the above experimental results, the possible formation mechanism of the MnO one-dimensional nanorods in the present work was proposed, as schematically illustrated

in Figure 8. Firstly, the reaction between manganese acetate and ethanol results in the formation of certain alcohol acetate complexes, e.g., CH3COOMnOC2H5, accompanied with the nucleation and growth of amorphous precursor NPs, which are then transformed into MnCO3 nanocrystals (step Semaxanib datasheet 1). Secondly, with the increase of reaction time, the MnCO3 precursor is decomposed into MnO nanocrystallites (step 2). Meanwhile, the generated MnO nanocrystallites are capped by the short C-chain molecules forming oxide-organic hybrids, which act as build blocks to form novel MnO nanostructures. When two MnO building blocks come together, the capillary force between them facilitates the solvent removal and strengthens the agglomerate by van der Waals forces. Finally, with the increase of reaction time, directed self-assemblies

of the oriented nanocrystallites and subsequent fusion lead to the formation of the MnO one-dimensional nanorods (step 3). Figure 8 The possible formation mechanism of the MnO one-dimensional Mizoribine cost nanorods. Conclusions In summary, uniform mesocrystalline MnO nanorods were prepared successfully by using manganese acetate and ethanol as starting materials. The as-synthesized MnO nanorods exhibited uniform morphology, large specific surface area, and narrow pore size distribution. The simple,

cost-effective, and environmentally friendly synthesis can be scaled up to produce large quantities of porous MnO one-dimensional nanorods. Owing to their large specific surface area, the as-prepared MnO nanorods may have promising applications in energy storage, catalysis, and biomedical image. This method may also open a new avenue for the simple synthesis of porous functional materials with applications in the fields of energy and environment. Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21201065 and 21031001), the Natural Edoxaban Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (s2012040007836), the Key Program of Science Technology Innovation Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Guangdong Province (cxzd1014), and the Minister Funds of South China Agricultural SIS 3 University. References 1. Wang X, Li YD: Selected-control hydrothermal synthesis of alpha- and beta-MnO 2 single crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124:2880–2881.CrossRef 2. Li ZQ, Ding Y, Xiong YJ, Yang Q, Xie Y: One-step solution-based catalytic route to fabricate novel alpha-MnO 2 hierarchical structures on a large scale. Chem Commun 2005, 7:918–920.CrossRef 3. Wang LZ, Sakai N, Ebina Y, Takada K, Sasaki T: Inorganic multilayer films of manganese oxide nanosheets and aluminum polyoxocations: fabrication, structure, and electrochemical behavior.

TEM image reveals that RGOA presents an ordered graphitic structure with curved graphene sheets. The formation of graphitic structure indicates a high reduction degree of graphene oxide during the preparation process. Figure 1 Microstructural observations for samples. (a) AFM image of graphite oxide sheets with height profile. (b) SEM and (c)

TEM images of RGOA. Structural evolution Type IV adsorption isotherm is observed for RGOA (Figure 2a), indicating that the aerogel is a mesoporous material. The obvious hysteresis loop can be observed at relative pressures ranging from 0.42 to 1.0. The pore size distribution curve (Figure 2b) derived from desorption branch by the Barret-Joyner-Halenda method shows that most of the pores distribute within DAPT datasheet a range of 2 to 50 nm with a most probable PRIMA-1MET cost pore diameter of approximately 4 nm. The BET specific surface area is calculated to be 830 m2 g−1, which is the largest value ever reported for graphene-based aerogel materials prepared by a simultaneous self-assembly and reduction method. The interlayer distance of GO calculated from the (002) peak in XRD pattern (Figure 2C) is

0.71 nm, which is much larger than that of pristine graphite (approximately 0.34 nm) owing to the fact that plenty of oxygen-containing groups, such as hydroxyl, epoxyl, and carboxyl, are introduced onto graphene layers during the oxidation process. Compared with GO, the XRD pattern of RGOA exhibits a broad diffraction peak at 2θ = 24° corresponding to the (002) plane of graphite structure. The formation of graphite-like structure of RGOA indicates the efficient removal of oxygen-containing groups from

GO during the simultaneous self-assembly and reduction process. For the purpose of exploring the structural and electronic properties, including disordered and defect structures, of RGOA, Raman spectroscopy analyses are also conducted (Figure 2d). There are two prominent peaks at approximately 1,355 and approximately 1,600 cm−1 corresponding to the D and G band, respectively. It has been reported that the D band originates from Thalidomide the disorder-induced mode associated with structural defects and imperfections, while the G band corresponds to the first-order scattering of the E 2g mode from the sp 2 carbon domains [27]. The intensity ratio I D/I G is often used as a measure of the disorder in graphitic materials [28]. The increased I D/I G value indicates the restoration of sp 2 C=C bonds in graphitic structure when oxygen-containing groups escape from GO. Moreover, the see more decrease of full-width at half maximum of G band indicates a high graphitization degree of RGOA as well [29, 30]. These results coincide well with what was reflected from XRD analyses and TEM observations. Figure 2 Structural analyses for samples. (a) N2 sorption isotherm and (b) pore size distribution curve of RGOA. (c) XRD patterns and (d) Raman spectra of GO and RGOA.

0 software and a P value TGF-beta family < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results RT-PCR and real time RT-PCR analysis The expression levels of lamin A/C mRNA were examined in 52 paired clinical samples by semiquantitative RT-PCR. As shown in Fig. 1A, lamin A/C mRNA could be detected in GC tissues as well as in matched

non-cancerous tissues. However, a large decrease in the levels of lamin A/C mRNA expression was observed in primary GC as compared with normal tissue. The analysis of results displayed the density value (normalized to β-actin expression as a loading control) of tumour was significantly lower than that in corresponding non-cancerous tissue using paired t-test (p = 0.011, Fig. 1B). Figure 1 Expression pattern of lamin A/C in GC specimens

by RT-PCR. (A) 1.5% agarose electrophoresis of lamin A/C products of RT-PCR in GC specimens. Representative results from 4 pairs of GC and corresponding normal gastric tissues are shown. β-actin was used as an internal quantitative control. (B) Densitometry analyses of lamin A/C mRNA level quantified by compared with β-actin in GC and corresponding normal gastric samples. The expression of lamin A/C gene was reduced in tumour tissues when compared with corresponding non-tumourous tissues (p = 0.011). T, GC; N, corresponding non-cancerous tissues. To validate the results Captisol solubility dmso of semiquantitative RT-PCR, we randomly selected 30 cases out of the 52 patients to investigate the mRNA expression level with real time RT-PCR. The dissociation Sodium butyrate curve and amplification curve were shown in Fig. 2A and 2B. The fold change in expression levels determined by a comparative

CT method also demonstrated that lamin A/C expression is reduced in GC tissues. We further analyzed the correlations between lamin A/C mRNA expression and clinicopathological features. As shown in Table 1, the mRNA expression level was evidently lower in poor differentiated tumours than that in well or moderately differentiated tumours. Decreased of lamin A/C expression correlated with histological differentiation significantly (r = 0.438, p = 0.025). However, there were no statistical correlations between lamin A/C and invasion, tumour size and metastasis. Table 1 Correlations between lamin A/C expression detected by real time RT-PCR and pathological buy RG7420 Variables in 30 cases of GC Variables Number of Cases Fold Change (mean ± SD) t p -Value Invasion            Profound layer 24 0.77 ± 0.19 -0.692 0.495    Superficial layer 6 0.83 ± 0.19     Differentiation            Poor 21 0.73 ± 0.19 -2.376 0.025a    Well or Moderate 9 0.90 ± 0.13     Metastasis            No 23 0.76 ± 0.18 -0.792 0.435    Yes 7 0.83 ± 0.23     Tumour Size (cm)            < 5 18 0.83 ± 0.18 1.704 0.099    ≥5 12 0.71 ± 0.20     a Statistically significant (p < 0.05). Figure 2 The dissociation curves and amplification curves of lamin A/C in GC specimens by real time RT-PCR.

New experimental approaches to characterize the relevant GS-7977 solubility dmso elementary reactions in laboratory are presented and the Fosbretabulin purchase implications of the results are discussed. E-mail: nadia.​balucani@unipg.​it The Evolution of the Primitive Atmosphere James F. Kasting Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802 Environmental conditions on the early Earth are important for both the origin and the early evolution of life. Two variables are of particular

significance: (1) the atmospheric redox state, and (2) the mean surface temperature. Most recent models of Earth’s prebiotic atmosphere (Walker, 1977; Kasting, 1993) suggest that it was weakly reduced, with N2 and CO2 dominating over NH3 and CH4. Some CH4 may have been present, however (Hashimoto et al., 2007), particularly if hydrogen escape was relatively slow (Tian et al., 2005). Ongoing work should help to resolve the hydrogen escape question and may shed light on whether a more highly reduced atmosphere could have existed. The climate of the early Earth is also controversial. Despite the faintness

of the young Sun, the early Earth appears to have been warm, or perhaps even hot. Taken at face value, oxygen and silicon isotopes in ancient cherts imply a mean surface temperature of 70(±15)°C at 3.3 Ga (Knauth and Lowe, 2003; Robert and Chaussidon, 2006). Ancient carbonates also yield high Precambrian surface temperatures (Shields and Veizer, 2002), as does a recently published analysis of the thermal stability of GDC 0032 proteins which are inferred to be ancient (Gaucher et al., 2008). This evidence for hot early surface temperatures must be weighed against the previously mentioned dimness of the young Sun, as

well as geomorphic evidence for glaciation at 2.9, 2.4, and 0.6–0.7 Ga. Climate models with high CO2 and CH4 concentrations can potentially explain hot climates, but can they explain climates that transition from hot to cold, and back again, multiple times? Such models must also account for the well documented correlation between the rise of O2 at 2.4 Ga and the Paleoproterozoic glaciations which occurred at that same time. Some of the secular variation in oxygen isotope ratios may be accounted Bumetanide for by changes in seawater isotopic composition (Kasting et al., 2006), although that interpretation remains controversial and cannot account for the observed variation during the Phanerozoic (Came et al., 2007). When all the arguments are weighed, the early Earth appears to have been warm, rather than hot, but more work remains to reconcile the different pieces of evidence. Came, R. E., Eiler, J. M., Veizer, J., Azmy, K., Brand, U., and Weidman, C. R. (2007). Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO concentrations during the Palaeozoic era. Nature, 449: 198–201. Gaucher, E. A., Govindarajan, S., and Ganesh, O. K. (2008). Palaeotemperature trend for Precambrian life inferred from resurrected proteins. Nature, 451: 704–707. Hashimoto, G. L., Abe, Y., and Sugita, S.

innocua was also determined (Figure  6). The bacteria

were grown in FB, mixed (1:1; 100 μL) in PBS to achieve concentrations of ~1 × 105 CFU/mL each and the capture efficiency was determined by plating followed by BARDOT-based colony identification. MyOne-2D12 captured ~104 CFU/mL (9.5%) of bacteria, of which most colonies (~80%) were confirmed to be L. find more monocytogenes by BARDOT (Figure  6a, Additional file 2: Figure S2). MyOne-3F8 captured ~2.1 × 103 cells (2.75%), and ~50% were confirmed to be L. monocytogenes. Dynabeads anti-Listeria captured ~2.9 × 103 CFU/mL https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ars-1620.html (3.3%), of which 40% were L. monocytogenes. Figure 6 (a) Capture efficiency of MyOne-2D12 (InlA), MyOne-3F8 (p30), and Dynabeads anti- Listeria from a mixed

culture of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua in PBS. Data are the mean ± SD of three independent assays ± SD. Samples were validated by BARDOT. (b) Capture efficiency of PMBs from hotdogs inoculated with L. monocytogenes (Lm) and L. innocua (Linn) and enriched in FB. (c) Capture efficiency of PMB from soft cheese inoculated with L. monocytogenes and L. innocua and enriched in FB. Samples (b,c) were validated by both BARDOT and real-time qPCR. Capture efficiency https://www.selleckchem.com/products/px-478-2hcl.html (%) are the mean of three independent assays performed in duplicate. We also investigated the capture efficiency of bacteria from inoculated food matrices. Hotdogs were inoculated with ~10 CFU/g each of L. monocytogenes 4b and L. innocua as a mono- or co-culture and enriched for 18 h at 37°C. MyOne-2D12 showed higher capture see more of L. monocytogenes (12%) than L. innocua (1%) in the monocultures, but in the co-culture experiment the total bacterial capture dropped to 3.5%. MyOne-3F8 captured 3.7% of the L. monocytogenes cells in the monoculture experiment, while the commercial Dynabeads anti-Listeria captured

only 1.8% (Figure  6b). Dynabeads anti-Listeria also captured a numerically (not statistically) higher percentage of L. innocua (4.2%) compared with L. monocytogenes (1.8%) (Figure  6b). Overall, these data show that MyOne-2D12 captured 10-fold more L. monocytogenes than L. innocua, while MyOne-3F8 captured 1.5-fold more L. monocytogenes than L. innocua. Dynabeads anti-Listeria had the highest capture efficiency for L. innocua from hotdogs. The capture of Listeria was also investigated with soft cheese made from goat’s milk in a co-culture experiment (Figure  6c; Additional file 2: Figure S2). Cheese samples were inoculated with L. monocytogenes 4b (~27 CFU/g) and L. innocua (32 CFU/g) and enriched in FB for 18 h until the total count reached ~1.7 × 108 CFU/mL. The bacterial capture using MyOne-2D12 was 4.67 ± 0.46%, while MyOne-3F8 (0.37%) and Dynabeads anti-Listeria (1.2%) showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower capture efficiency (Figure  6c and Additional file 2: Figure S2a). Capture of L. monocytogenes colonies on BHI agar plates was verified by a light-scattering sensor, with L. monocytogenes and L.

pestis CO92, these Zur-dependent genes were distributed in 15 functional categories (Additional file 3). Their products included regulators, membrane-related proteins, transport/binding proteins,

biosynthesis Quisinostat in vitro and metabolism related proteins and lots of unknown proteins. Additional file 4 showed the complete list of differentially regulated genes, selleck chemicals llc giving an overall picture of the alteration of the global gene transcription pattern of Y. pestis affected by Zur with sufficient zinc. The microarray data (GSE15183) had been deposited in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Validation of microarray data by Real-time RT-PCR Microarray results are influenced by various factors, and thereby should be validated by at least one traditional method. Accordingly, the real-time quantitative RT-PCR, using RNA preparations as described in the microarray analysis, was performed to validate the microarray data. Based on

gene classification, genomic location and transcriptional changes, 17 genes were chosen for RT-PCR (Additional file 5). The log-transformed change in relative quantity of mRNA level between WT and Δzur was calculated for each gene. The resulting real-time RT-PCR data were then plotted against the average log ratio values NSC 683864 obtained by microarray analysis. There was a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.796) between the two techniques (Additional file 5). It should be noted that these 17 genes gave a 100% consistency for differential regulation between microarray and RT-PCR data, confirming the reliability of our microarray data. Characterization of DNA-binding ability of Zur by EMSA We prepared a recombinant Y. pestis Zur protein by overproducing it in E. coli and examined its DNA-binding

activity by EMSA (Fig. 1). Increasing amounts (from 0 to 160 pmol) of the purified Zur protein were incubated with 10 fmol of32P-labeled znuA promoter region (it contained a strongly predicted Zur binding site; see Fig. 1a) in the presence of 100 μM ZnCl2 (Fig. 1b). From 1.25 pmol of Zur, the Zur-DNA complex (i.e. gel retardation) emerged; with the Zur amount increased, gel retardation appeared more and more heavily and reached to the peak at 80 pmol of Zur. Figure 1 DNA binding ability of Zur. The upstream region of znuA Levetiracetam (panel a) or rovA (f), with or without a predicted Zur binding site, respectively, was amplified by PCR and used as target DNA probe in EMSA. For EMSA, the [γ-32P]-labeled target DNA probes (1000 to 2000 c.p.m/μl) were incubated with the Zur protein in the presence or absence of 100 μM ZnCl2. Increasing amounts of Zur (b and g), ZnCl2(c), or EDTA (d and e) were employed. The mixtures were directly subjected to 4% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The rovA gene was used as negative control. It should be noted that the target DNA was progressively and continuously retarded (i.e.

3° and 53.5°, respectively, which can be assigned to the (220) and (311) diffractions of cubic zinc blende ZnSe. The lattice constant of ZnSe is determined to be a = 0.568 nm. Contrast to sample B, more diffraction peaks are observed for PD-L1 inhibitor cancer sample C with the ZnSe (111) diffraction exhibiting a higher intensity and a narrower FWHM, indicating that sample C has a better crystallinity than sample B. The above XRD results suggest that better crystallinity of ZnO cores and ZnSe shells could be obtained either by RT deposition of ZnSe followed by post-deposition annealing or merely by depositing ZnSe at elevated temperatures. Figure 3 displays the Raman spectra obtained by exciting the samples with 488-nm

laser light. For the bare ZnO NRs on Si (100), no distinct peaks related to ZnO are observed besides the signals scattered from the Si (100) substrate. After being deposited with ZnSe

shells at room temperature (sample B), the sample scatters a strong and broad peak appearing near 248 cm−1 with a FWHM of approximately 31 cm−1 (curve b). This Raman scattering corresponds to the longitudinal optical (LO) phonon mode of ZnSe [15–17]. In contrast, the ZnSe LO Raman scattering is much weaker for sample C. ZnSe was uniformly deposited on the side surfaces as well as on the top surfaces of the ZnO NRs, unlike in sample B in which ZnSe was mainly piled up on the top surfaces and in the upper parts of the gaps between the rods. Exciting ZnSe and receiving the scattered light from ZnSe are therefore less efficient for sample C than for sample LY2835219 manufacturer B. This may be an explanation for the weaker Raman signals scattered from ZnSe recorded for sample C than C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) for sample B. For sample D obtained after annealing sample B at 500°C, the Raman signal attributed to the ZnSe LO mode becomes much see more narrowed (FWHM approximately 15 cm−1).

In addition, an obvious peak near approximately 203 cm−1 is identified, which belongs to the transverse optical (TO) phonon mode of ZnSe [16–18]. Moreover, a weak but distinct peak at approximately 96 cm−1 is observed. This Raman scattering could be attributed to the low-frequency branch of ZnO non-polar optical phonon (E2 (low)) [19, 20]. Figure 3 Raman spectra of samples A (a), B (b), C (c), and D (d), recorded by exciting the samples with 488-nm laser beam. Raman scattering analysis was also performed by exciting the samples with 325-nm laser light whose photon energy is resonant with the electronic interband transition energy of wurtzite ZnO. The Raman spectrum of sample A is dominated by a Raman peak at 581.5 cm−1 (Figure 4, curve a), which corresponds to the LO modes with the A1 and the E1 symmetries (A1 (LO)/E1 (LO)) of wurtzite ZnO [21, 22], providing an evidence for the wurtzite structure of the ZnO NRs. A weak and broad band centered at 438 cm−1 and a sharp peak near 525 cm−1 can also be observed.

Major discoveries and contributions of Govindjee in understanding molecular mechanisms of Photosynthesis Govindjee is an authority, and a pioneer of the “Light Reactions of Plant and Algal Photosynthesis”, particularly

of Photosystem II (PS II), the system that oxidizes water to oxygen, and reduces plastoquinone to plastoquinol. He has coauthored more than 400 research papers and major reviews in many peer-reviewed journals including Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, Plant Physiology, Biophysical Journal, Photochemistry and Photobiology, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, and Photosynthesis Research. His major contributions have been on the mechanism of excitation energy transfer, on light emission (prompt and delayed fluorescence; and thermoluminescence), on primary photochemistry, and on electron transfer in PS II. He has had the drive, the motivation, and ingenuity in solving problems Belnacasan concentration not only through “action”, but through

collaboration with those who complemented his biological and biophysical Selleckchem Luminespib background, especially those with training in chemistry and in physics. Govindjee’s many contributions have been summarized in Papageorgiou (2012a), Eaton-Rye (2012) and Clegg (2012), and his publications are also on his web page at: http://​www.​life.​illinois.​edu/​govindjee/​pubschron.​html; and http://​www.​life.​illinois.​edu/​govindjee/​recent_​papers.​html. Below, the seven topics that have been selected to illustrate the breadth of Govindjee’s research output

over the years are presented. 1. 10058-F4 cost On the two light reaction and two-pigment system in oxygenic photosynthesis: beyond Robert Emerson When Robert Emerson discovered, in 1957, the “enhancement effect” in photosynthesis—where two beams of different wavelengths of light, given simultaneously, gave higher rates of photosynthesis, than the sum of the rates in the two beams given separately (Emerson et al. 1957; Emerson and Chalmers 1958), it see more led to the concept of two light reactions and two pigment systems. There were, however, two serious issues with Emerson’s work: (1) the conclusion that one system was run by chlorophyll a and the other by chlorophyll b was untenable since Duysens (1952) had shown that 100 % of energy absorbed by chlorophyll b was transferred to chlorophyll a, and (2) since Emerson had used manometry, one could not be sure if the effect was on photosynthesis or respiration. The dilemma in the first issue was solved in Govindjee’s PhD thesis (1960, under Eugene Rabinowitch). It is this work that established that both the photosystems were run by chlorophyll a: a short-wave form of chlorophyll a was in the same system that had chlorophyll b (Govindjee and Rabinowitch 1960). Further, Govindjee et al. (1960a) discovered a two-light effect in chlorophyll a fluorescence, and Rajni Govindjee et al.