Due to its small size, it can be injected into the vitreous directly using a 25-gauge transconjunctival injector system, eliminating the need for an invasive procedure [59, 60]. With glaucoma currently classified as a neurodegenerative

disorder, Neurotech’s (NT-501) a nonbiodegradable implant has recently gained consideration for the delivery of protein therapeutics for up to a year to preserve vision cells. The implant encapsulates genetically engineered human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells that secrete CNTF. The device is administered in the vitreous through a small incision in the sclera Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and secured at the implantation site by suturing through the titanium loop [61]. The semipermeable membrane allows the entry of Smad inhibitor nutrients and oxygen to the cells encapsulated within the implant. Similarly, the permeability of the membrane also allows the CNTF secreted by the human RPE cells to diffuse Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to the target site. Since the cells are sealed within the device, it prevents any possible foreign body reactions. Neurotech’s device was initially designed for potential treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A phase 1 clinical trial in ten participants with RP demonstrated that this device was safe and well tolerated during the 6

months implantation period [62]. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Also a phase 2 clinical study in 51 patients with advanced AMD slowed visual loss in 96.3% of treated patients at 12 months compared to the 75% of patients in control group [61, 63]. Following the successful use of this implant in other ocular neurodegenerative conditions, NT-501 could be the first device in delivering Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical neurotrophic factor in human glaucomatous conditions [42]. 2.2.3. Injectable Formulations Particulate drug delivery systems or Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical injectable formulations such as microspheres, liposomes, and nanospheres/nanoparticles are other attractive alternatives used for extended drug release. The

delivery platform involves entrapment of the drug within the nanocarrier matrix for subsequent intraocular delivery [64, 65]. Upon administration to the target site of the eye, the bioactive Digestive enzyme agent is released in a controlled manner by diffusion through the matrix or degradation of the polymer matrix. Also, the nanomicrocarriers once injected could act as a reservoir system for drug release for prolonged time period [66, 67]. Bertram et al. evaluated the release of timolol maleate from biodegradable microspheres composed of PLGA and PLA in vitro. Upon administration by subconjunctival injection, it was reported that drug release was sustained for more than 3 months, a time scale that could overcome the fundamental problem with patient adherence to treatment [34]. Since subconjunctival injection is less invasive than intravitreal injection, this study also demonstrated a potential route for prolonged drug delivery through penetration across the sclera.

Our technique is suitable to reduce the excessively-long components of the LLC while reshaping the tip appropriately. Conflict of Interest: None declared
Dear Editor, Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) affects both

men and women and accounts for approximately >4.5 million deaths annually in the developing countries.1 Atherogenic lipoproteins namely, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipoprotein remanants promote atherosclerosis, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) prevents it. However, in some instances increased plasma HDL concentrations can result from reduced catabolism due to blockade in the dynamic flow of HDL lipids from peripheral tissues to the liver. In such a scenario, measuring Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical HDL concentration alone may not be accurate in assessing the cardio vascular risk. With literature review, Framingham study (HDL concentrations predicting cardiovascular risk) reveals that 40% of coronary events occurred in subjects with normal HDL levels.2 This has fueled our search in which measuring HDL Quality, rather than Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Quantity, would help in a better prediction of

atherosclerotic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical coronary artery disease. High density lipoprotein is believed to have two important functions affecting the occurrence of atherosclerosis. One function is called reverse cholesterol transport, which may be conceptualized in terms of cholesterol efflux from the arterial macrophages. The lipid deposited at the site of atherosclerotic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical lesions are removed and transported to the liver or other cholesterol metabolizing tissues for catabolism. This involves specific transporters like ABC transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1.3 The other function of HDL is antioxidant/anti inflammatory property. Apo A1 is important in determining the Selleck HA-1077 antioxidant role of HDL by protecting against oxidation of LDL. The presence of antioxidant enzymes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical on HDL such as paraoxonase and acetyl hydrolase platelet activating factor were found to prevent the formation of oxidized LDL. It has been suggested that HDL has evolved as part of the innate immune system. High density lipoprotein also stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), diminish endothelial

dysfunction, and thereby retard the process of atherosclerosis.4 In addition, HDL stimulates glucose uptake and fatty nearly acid oxidation, decrease insulin resistance, and increase the insulin secretion by the pancreas. Dodani and colleagues have reported that 70% of south Asian immigrants with subclinical CAD has dysfunctional HDL compared to controls.5 Cell based assay which require endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and monocytes were originally used for the measurement of dysfunctional HDL. Recently, cell-free assay, which is a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of dysfunctional HDL has been developed. The test measures the ability of HDL in preventing the formation of oxidized phospholipids. The HDL inflammatory index can be calculated by normalizing the cell-free assay values.

Succinylcholine, a short-acting depolarizing agent

(0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg), is used in most patients. Before the muscle relaxant is administered, a blood pressure cuff is inflated above the systolic blood pressure at one ankle, to allow observation of the motor seizure. A peripherally acting anticholinergic such as glycopyrrolate may used to increase heart rate before treatment, especially if the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patient is bradycardic. ECT is administered using two electrodes, located bilaterally or unilaterally, as illustrated in Figure 1. The electrical stimulus is a brief pulse waveform (bidirectional rectangular pulse). The intensity of the ECT stimulus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is assessed in terms of the total delivered charge. This total charge (Q, measured using units of millicoulombs) can be defined as: Figure 1. Electrode placement in ECT. In AVL 301 bilateral ECT, bifrontotemporal electrode placement is used: the electrodes are placed 5 cm above the midpoint of the distance between the auditory meatus and the external canthus. In unilateral ECT, the d’Elia positioning … Q = (1/1000) * PW * 2F * D where I is current (milliamperes), PW is pulse width (milliseconds),

F is frequency (hertz, cycle per second) and D is duration (seconds). The standard pulse width used in ECT is 1 millisecond or greater. Recently, it has been found that an ultrabrief stimulus, using 0.3 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical millisecond pulse width, requires less energy to produce a generalized seizure. This may be related to the fact that neuronal depolarization is 0.3 to 1.0 milliseconds, and long pulse width may result in excess stimulation after neurons have fired and are in a refractory or relative refractory phase. Although the amnesia and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cognitive side effects following ECT are reduced with ultrabrief stimulation, data regarding its efficacy relative to the traditional stimulus are still insufficient. The electrical path of the ECT stimulus includes the ECT output device, stimulus electrodes, scalp,

skull, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue. The most variable impediment is the patient impedance (mostly scalp and skull), measured in ohms. Energy is another unit that assesses the intensity of the total electrical stimulus. It is dependent on the impedance Bay 11-7085 during stimulation, and can be calculated as U = (Q/1000) * (1/1000) * R where Q is charge (millicoulombs), I is current (milliamperes), and R is resistance (ohms). Seizure threshold, defined as the minimal stimulus intensity necessary to produce a seizure, differs up to 40-fold among patients (Figure 2). For example, seizure threshold is higher in men than in women and is higher in older than younger adults. Seizure threshold is also altered by mechanical factors that impede the path of the stimulus and increase resistance.

In a study by Karow et al,61 44% of 131 patients were in symptomatic remission according to the RSWG symptom based remission criterion. However, only 39% of these remitted patients judged themselves as remitted, 32% were remitted according to their relatives, and 61% according to the psychiatrists. Only in 18% of all cases, patients, relatives and psychiatrists agreed in their assessment of patients’ remission. Remission as assessed by the patients was most divergent from RSWG remission with only 43% accordance, whereas remission as assessed by the psychiatrists

showed the best accordance (80%). Relatives’ estimates showed 52% accordance with the RSWG Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical remission, yet the highest Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical accordance with RSWG nonremission (84%). Comparisons of the different assessments of remission with other clinical measures showed a preference on the patients’ side for subjective well-being and on the psychiatrists’ side for the level of symptoms of psychosis. The results indicated that patients, their relatives, and psychiatrists differ highly in their understanding what state Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of symptom reduction should be called “symptomatic remission.” Conclusions The present review shows that the consensus RSWG remission criteria are clinically

meaningful; they appear achievable for a significant proportion of patients in routine clinical practice and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are applicable across the course of the illness. Further, validation studies have shown that they are related to a good overall symptomatic status with low levels of overall psychopathology or illness severity, to a better learn more functional status compared with nonremitted patients and, to a less clear extent, to a better quality of life or cognitive performance. On the other hand, these studies have also consistently shown that patients in remission do not automatically have an “adequate” functional level or Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical quality of life. Both results support the assumption that patients being in symptomatic remission

display a better overall illness state, although Montelukast Sodium it has to be acknowledged that being in symptomatic remission does not necessarily mean that the patient is doing well, because other components of the illness (such as enduring affective or cognitive symptoms) may lead to functional impairments or poor quality of life. Research in this field is among others hampered by the lack of consensus definitions of an “adequate” functional and quality of life status in schizophrenia. Future research should therefore search for such criteria and test whether the fulfillment of the RSWG remission criteria is consistently related to an “adequate” functional and quality of life status.

This is implicit in the cognitive and electrophysiological intermediate phenotype results.80 The majority of genes thus far identified as likely to confer susceptibility to schizophrenia impact in diverse ways on the development, activity, plasticity, and composition of various synaptic components, eg, axon terminals, cytoplasmic vesicular transport, dendritic structure, and function. For example, the authors of a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical recent comprehensive review of the molecular origins of schizophrenia10 identified 12 “good bet” candidate risk genes, while readily acknowledging the subjective and most likely transient

nature of their list. Caveats notwithstanding, the authors’ stringent criteria included the following: Strength of evidence for association with schizophrenia, based on sample Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical size and number of replications in at least three positive independent studies. Linkage to a gene locus associated with schizophrenia, based on data from two recent meta-analyses.87,88 Biological plausibility, based on evidence of altered function and expression in vivo or in vitro.89-91 Evidence of altered expression in schizophrenia brain, based on measures of mRNA or protein,

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or relative expression of isoforms or alleles.92-102 The following candidate genes were particularly highlighted: COMT (22q11); DTNBP1 (6p22); NRG1 (selleck inhibitor 8p12-21); RGS4 (1q21-22); GRM3 (7q21-22); DISCI (1q42); and G72 (13q32-34). Importantly, with regards to discussion of intermediate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical phenotypes in schizophrenia, converging evidence to support the candidacy of the nominated genes derives from morphometric, histopathological, and animal experiment data, implicating hippocampal glutamatergic dysfunction,91 GABAergic (GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid), and glutamatergic abnormalities in the DLPFC,92-95 frontocortical dopaminergic inervation,89,90,96 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and signal transmission.98 From this comes the suggestion

that schizophrenia may be viewed as a disorder associated with broad-based disruptions of cortical synaptic functions and perturbed synaptic plasticity on the microcircuit scale10,81-86,99 and as disruptions of high-order information processing on the neural systems scale.15,80 COMT Egan and colleagues89 studied abnormalities Rolziracetam of prefrontal cortical function in schizophrenia associated with the regulation of prefrontal dopamine, a neurotransmitter that modulates the response of prefrontal neurons during working memory. They examined the relationship of a common functional polymorphism (Val(108/158)Met) in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, which accounts for a fourfold variation in enzyme activity and dopamine catabolism, with both prefrontally mediated cognition and prefrontal cortical physiology.

The regulation of the ptsG gene encoding the glucose transporter JAK inhibitor EIICBGlc is extremely complex. At least seven different proteins are involved in the transcriptional control (reviewed in [7]). Moreover, several research groups have identified and characterized the function of the sgrRST-system, which creates a sophisticated posttranscriptional feedback regulation mechanism of glucose transport during intracellular Glc6-P Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or Fru6-P accumulation [23,24,26,27,34,35]. Whereas the small regulatory RNA SgrS destabilizes ptsG m-RNA, the function of the small regulatory peptide SgrT, which is simultaneously encoded by the sgrS gene, has not been very well characterized thus far.

In this Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical paper we could demonstrate for the first time by several experimental approaches, that the highly conserved KTPGRED motif in the linker region between the EIICGlc and the EIIBGlc domains of the glucose transporter constitutes the SgrT target site. Furthermore, using site-directed mutagenesis, we were able to identify the most important residues for this protein–protein interaction. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical These findings finally provide a good explanation for the existence of this highly conserved motif within an otherwise non-conserved region of the protein. Moreover, we could demonstrate that according to the physiological needs, almost exclusively dephosphorylated EIICBGlc

interacts with SgrT. During glucose uptake EIICBGlc conducts several conformational changes which result in glucose translocation and phosphorylation [36]. Glucose is bound with high affinity on the periplasmic site of the inner membrane. Subsequently, the protein conformation changes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical into an occluded state (the glucose is completely surrounded by the protein). Phosphorylation of the substrate again causes a conformational change and thus leads to a decreased affinity and to the release of Glc6-P into the cytoplasm [36]. Erni et al. could demonstrate that the flexible linker which connects the phosphorylated EIIBGlc-domain with the glucose binding EIICGlc-domain conducts severe conformational Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical changes during this transport process

[10]. This provides an explanation for the clear differences observed others in SgrT binding between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated EIICBGlc. Furthermore, transport activity of EIICBGlc is influenced by different amino acid substitutions which can be dissected into three groups: The first group consists of mutations which cause “relaxed” substrate specificity. These single amino acid substitutions are scattered over the entire EIICGlc domain and allow facilitated diffusion of substrates like mannose and glucosamine [16,37], fructose [38], ribose and xylose [39], mannitol [40], ribitol und arabinitol, respectively (reviewed in [10]). In contrast, so-called “uncoupled” mutants exhibit a separation of translocation and phosphorylation and the uptake of unphosphorylated glucose, for example, in a ptsHICrr deletion background [29,41].

Echocardiography

results at 6 months demonstrated stable cardiac allograft function (mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 65 ± 3.7%) and normal LV size and LV mass (LV end-diastolic diameter 4.2 ± 0.32 cm and LV mass 147.7 ± 24.9 g). Congo Red Staining at 6 months showed only minimal check details amyloid recurrence in 1 patient. Table 2 Patient characteristics at time of Evaluation for OHT. Table 3 Heart transplantation results in 9 patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Age^ at time of heart transplantation; NA* (received ASCT 1 year prior to heart-kidney transplant); IABP# (left axillary artery IABP support); NA**(died within 30 days post-OHT). Four of the nine Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patients who received OHT have received ASCT (one underwent ASCT at a different institution and three underwent ASCT 1 year after heart transplant at our institution), with a median time between OHT and ASCT of 14 months. For these three patients, plasma-cell targeted therapy between OHT and ASCT was with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in two patients and bortezomib (Velcade) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and dexamethasone in the third patient. Bortezomib was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in May 2003 for patients with multiple myeloma who had recurrence of disease after

other treatments and has been used in patients with amyloidosis.29 All three patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical post-OHT followed by ASCT at our institution have done well — with 100% survival and resolution of clinical heart failure based on 23 to 39 months of available post-OHT follow-up. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ASCT resulted in complete hematologic remission of the underlying amyloid process in 1 of the 3 patients (patient 2, Table 3) and partial remission in the remaining two patients. There has been no evidence of amyloid recurrence in the cardiac allograft in these three patients based on endomyocardial biopsy surveillance. One patient with partial remission post-ASCT received a donor-related kidney transplant 20 months after Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ASCT and is currently doing well. Discussion Cardiac amyloidosis is a potentially

life-threatening condition that describes clinically significant involvement of the heart by amyloid deposition, which in the setting of AL amyloidosis is often associated with involvement Mephenoxalone of other organs. A combination of noninvasive screening tests (i.e., low-voltage ECG) and typical echocardiographic findings (i.e., left ventricular hypertrophy with biatrial enlargement in the absence of systemic hypertension) is highly suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. CMR with LGE is a relatively new technique that detects extracellular myocyte expansion from cardiac amyloid deposition and can potentially facilitate early detection of this disease. Moreover, the presence of CMR-related LGE and pattern of LGE is strongly associated with clinical and functional markers of prognosis.

26 Preoperative hypertension is a common problem encountered by anesthesiologists, surgeons, internists, and there are some investigations confirming the relation between

preoperative hypertension and pain or bleeding.27-29 Basali et al.28 examined the relation between preoperative blood pressure elevation and postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages using a retrospective case control design. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative (up to 12 hours) blood pressure records were examined. It was revealed that acute blood pressure elevations occur frequently prior to post craniotomy intracranial hemorrhage. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Patients, who develop post craniotomy intracranial hemorrhage are more likely to be hypertensive in the intraoperative and early postoperative periods. These findings explain and confirm higher postoperative bleeding and transfusion rates in the control group in our study. Patients in the experimental group showed more extended period of sensory block and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical analgesia as

well as minimal increases of blood pressure and heart rate in recovery period compared to patients in the control group (tables 2-​-44). In another study the incidence and etiology of postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages were examined.29 Major etiologies underlying postoperative intracerebral Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hemorrhages were uncontrolled bleeding from a blind area, difficult dissection of a tumor from the brain, retraction injury, vessel injury from a needle, bleeding from a residual tumor. Hypertension during recovery from anesthesia was another important factor. Arterial supply to prostate is derived mainly from branches of the internal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical iliac (hypogastric) artery, the inferior vesicle and middle http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Etopophos.html rectal arteries.29,30 Bleeding during open prostatectomy arises from venous structure in majority of cases.30,31 Although there are limited Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical investigations to find risk factor of bleeding as one of the most common early complication of open prostatectomy, no literature was found on the effect of BP changes in immediately post operative period.2,31,32

It seems that in patients of the control group EBL had a significant relationship with BP increase immediately in post-operative period. Moreover, it seems to have an association with hemoglobin decrease immediately in postoperative however period. It is assumed that in the control group, pain can stimulate sympathetic nervous system, and causes an increase in BP. Perhaps this unwanted increase of BP is due to pain in immediately postoperative period, which induces the vein to bleed. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that adding 0.4 mg/kg meperidine to heavy intrathecal lidocaine has no effect on the hemodynamic stability during surgery. The advantage of such an addition is a long time postoperative analgesia with less BP rise in immediately postoperative period and the reduction of postoperative bleeding.

It is under tight feedback control and is modulated by afferent connection from multiple brain areas,

including the amygdala and hippocampus. In the hypothalamus, arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) are synthesized by parvocellular neurones of the paraventricular nuclei which project widely to the limbic system, brain stem and spinal cord and to the median eminence. Secretion into the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system of these two peptides regulates the secretion from the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical anterior lobe of the pituitary gland into the systemic circulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, a polypeptide derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor molecule, acts at the adrenal cortex to rapidly stimulate the biosynthesis of corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol from cholesterol. Circulating cortisol acts at two types of receptor – type

1 mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and type 2 glucocorticoid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical receptors (GRs) [Herman et al. 1989a]. GRs have high affinity for dexamethasone. Regions of high GR mRNA levels include CA1, CA2 and dentate subregions of the hippocampus, paraventricular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hypothalamus, lateral geniculate, lateral and medial amygdala, and cerebellum. Regions of high MR mRNA levels include all hippocampal pyramidal cell fields, dentate gyrus granule cell layer, lateral septum, medial and lateral amygdala, and to a lesser extent, RAD001 research buy cerebellum [Patel et al. 2000]. Cortisol diffuses through the cell membrane, binds to intracellular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical GRs and MRs and promotes their translocation to the nucleus. In response to stress, glucocorticoid levels rise, MR saturate and GR becomes the primary mediator of feedback inhibition of CRH (and the HPA

axis) (Pariante and Miller, 2001, De Kloet et al., 1998). GR acts as a transcription factor to both positively and negatively regulate target genes. A decrease in glucocorticoid bioavailability might stem from decreased production of upstream glucocorticoid Adenylyl cyclase secretagogues including CRH and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ACTH, this mechanism has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of neuropsychiatric diseases including atypical depression (Geracioti et al., 1997). Reduced glucocorticoid bioavailability may also be caused by a primary deficit in adrenal hormone production and/or release. Decreased glucocorticoid bioavailability might also result from alterations in 1) binding proteins, which have been identified for both cortisol and CRH (Rosner, 1991), 2) enzymes such as 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which metabolize endogenous glucocorticoid hormones upon entry into the cell (Seckl and Walker, 2001), and 3) the multidrug resistance pump, which extrudes cortisol but not corticosterone from the cell (Karssen et al., 2001).

An exception, however, is clozapine, the blood levels of which are 30% to 35% higher in women than in men when dosed by efficacy.142-145 Neuroleptic blood levels also do not. appear to differ in men and women even at the same dose. Nonetheless, exceptions include higher olanzapine see more plasma levels in women, even after controlling for body mass index,146 and higher mean plasma, levels of sertindole, which the authors attributed to a higher dose per weight, better absorption, and slower metabolism in women.137 In conclusion, for neuroleptics as for antidepressants Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and benzodiazepines, with several notable exceptions (eg, clozapine and olanzapine), plasma levels arc similar in men and women.

Pharmacodynamics While sexual dimorphisms in pharmacokinetics alter the exposure of a tissue to the medication administered, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a considerable degree of variance in the observed effect. potentially resides in differences in the response of the tissue, ic, identical drug exposure of a tissue to a drug may elicit, very different, responses

across Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical individuals. Differences in tissue response – the pharmacodynamics – may be quite dramatic, seen, for example, in different profiles of side effects or mood destabilization induced by identical levels of gonadal steroids in different, subpopulations of women.147 Antidepressants Most, studies of the effect, of sex on the efficacy of antidepressants have many more female subjects than male subjects, and thus are not adequately powered. Nonetheless, although there is the possibility of reporting bias (ie, selectively publishing studies demonstrating sex differences), substantial evidence suggests that males respond better to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) than females. An early study of 250 depressed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by the Medical Research Council reported that imipramine is more effective in men than in women.45

A study of 60 depressed inpatients also found that men responded better to imipramine,148 as did a 4-week study of 55 depressed inpatients treated with imipramine149 and a. large study of 200 patients on imipramine.150 More recently, a. study of 230 depressed patients also described imipramine therapy as more effective in men.151 However, not surprisingly, some studies failed to observe sex differences in response to TCA treatment. An 8week, double-blind clinical trial of imipramine efficacy in 80 depressed patients found clinical mafosfamide improvement, was not significantly related to sex152; a 6-week clinical trial of imipramine and phenelzine efficacy found no sex difference in imipramine response rate153; a study of 29 depressed inpatients found no sex difference in response after 2 weeks of nortriptyline treatment154; an open-label trial of desipramine in 118 dysthymic patients found equal numbers of men and women responded to treatment after 10 weeks155; and a 4-week study of 66 depressed inpatients found no sex difference in treatment response to imipramine.