We assigned a call Belinostat molecular weight to a particular bat by matching its mouth, head, and body movements to the recorded sounds when only the observed bat was vocalizing and no other sounds were recorded. It was not always possible, however, to match a recorded call to a specific individual, such as when the vocalizing bat was not in the camera’s field of view or when more than one vocalization was emitted simultaneously. We considered a call to be directed to a particular bat if the vocalizing bat turned its head towards that bat when calling. In a minority of cases, the call was not directed toward any particular bat. We scored each vocalization as a 1 and period of silence as 0.2.6. Experimental ManipulationsWe performed several experimental manipulations to elicit behaviors and vocalizations in order to better understand the relationships between social context, behavior, and vocalization.

Over a period of several days, we isolated each bat in a small cage and gently poked it with a blunt object to mimic an agonistic interaction. We recorded the behaviors and vocalizations produced by the bat. We also isolated each bat and gently applied a single drop of water to its face to test the animal’s vocal response. On five occasions, we randomly selected three males and three females from the colony and placed them in a cage. After allowing the bats to acclimate, we recorded one minute of behavior and vocalizations to quantify male-female differences. We also performed manipulations on bats in the flight room. We initiated a disturbance by having a researcher enter the flight room for one minute to stimulate the bats and increase social interactions.

We recorded and scored social behaviors and vocalizations for ten minutes following the disturbance. We also removed seven males from the colony for several days to observe changes in roost position resulting from a change in colony composition. We then returned each male to the flight room to record the behaviors and vocalizations that accompanied their reintroduction.2.7. Data AnalysisOur results rely on direct observations to establish associations between behaviors and vocalizations synchronized with movement of the jaws/mouth. The occurrence and nonoccurrence of a call and/or behavior was scored as a 1 and 0, respectively. Each call-behavior pair could then be scored as neither (0,0), both (1,1), call alone (1,0), or behavior alone (0,1). To score a (1,1), call onset must be separated from behavior onset by less than two seconds. In order to determine the significance of the relationships in the call-behavior Carfilzomib pairs, we used the binary logistic regression function of Systat, version 10.0 (SPPS Inc).