This is likely

mediated by the interaction of NE with hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), the rate limiting enzyme in lipolysis selleck screening library [9]. Yohimbine may also aid in lipolysis by acting to improve blood flow [10], and hence, the transport of fatty acids to peripheral tissues to undergo oxidation. Synephrine (also known as Bitter Orange, Sour Orange, and Seville Orange) has been suggested as an effective dietary aid, as this trace endogenous bioamine activates beta-3 receptors and may result in lipolysis and appetite suppression [11]. Since April 12, 2004 when the Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids, interest in synephrine has risen sharply. In fact, many ephedrine-free products currently being sold contain synephrine as an active ingredient. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant, technically classified as a methylxanthine, which has a temporary effect on increasing lipolysis and thermogenesis [12, 13]. This is likely due to its action on the “”second messenger system”" known as 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is a crucial component in fatty acid metabolism where it functions to activate cAMP dependent protein kinase [14]. Caffeine has the ability to both decrease the breakdown of cAMP, as well as increase cAMP

production Selleckchem ICG-001 via beta-adrenergic receptor independent and dependent mechanisms, respectively [12]. Caffeine is also an adenosine antagonist, capable of blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on further NE release, ultimately resulting in an increased or sustained level of NE in the circulation [15]. As such, caffeine is popular as a dietary

weight/fat loss aid. It is unknown what the potential effects of the above combination of ingredients would be on blood catecholamines and markers of lipolysis. Recently, these ingredients (in addition to other ingredients as presented in Figure 1) have been combined for delivery as one convenient capsule (Meltdown®; Vital Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). Two initial studies using this product have noted an increase in subjects’ resting [16, 17] and post exercise [17] metabolic rate when compared to placebo. However, neither of these studies included blood measurement of catecholamines or markers Fossariinae of lipolysis. Therefore, the interpretation of findings is limited. It was our purpose in the proposed research to extend these findings by studying the impact of this dietary Fer-1 supplier supplement on blood catecholamine levels, markers of lipolysis, metabolic rate, and hemodynamics in human subjects. Using a double blind, randomized, crossover design, we hypothesized that the dietary supplement would result in an increase in NE, markers of lipolysis, and metabolic rate in our sample of resistance trained men, in comparison to a placebo. Figure 1 Label description of Meltdown®.