In current-clamp mode, the RMP was 40.2 1.6 mV (n = 31). Twenty of 31 cells tested were depolarized by ouabain application, and these responses were associated with an increase in the cell input resistance. In the remaining 11 cells studied, 3 showed hyperpolarization in response to ouabain and 8 showed no effect on RMP. In voltage-clamp mode, 1

mu M ouabain application enhanced the I-H in all of 10 neurons examined. These results suggest that ouabain application at I mu M is capable of setting both the RMP level and the neuronal excitability in small-diameter NG neurons. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. find more All rights reserved.”
“Aims: To determine the presence of toxin genes in 22 Clostridium perfringens isolated from turkey meat samples by molecular typing.

Methods and Results:

For this purpose, alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), beta 2 (cpb2), epsilon (etx), iota (iA) and enterotoxin (cpe) toxin genes were analysed by learn more multiplex PCR. All 22 turkey meat Cl. perfringens isolates were found to carry the cpa, gene but in none of the isolates cpb, etx, iap or cpe genes were detected. Results showed that all isolates represented type A and were cpe negative.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that Cl. perfringens type A is the most common type in turkey meat. Also multiplex PCR is effective and rapid method for typing of Cl. perfringens.

Significance and Impact of the Study: It is the first study about molecular typing of Cl. perfringens using multiplex PCR in turkey meat samples in Turkey.”
“It is not well recognized how disturbances in the local metabolism of some amino acids, especially glutamate

and GABA, may lead to seizures. In the presented study, we have examined changes in the hippocampal steady state concentrations of amino acids involved in pentylenetetrazole-kindled and freely moving rats. It was found that in the kindled animals, the concentration of alanine, arginine, glutamate, aspartate and taurine was increased in the interictal period of seizures compared to the control group, whereas kindling reduced the extracellular levels of GABA. CH5183284 concentration No differences between kindled and not-kindled animals in the glycine, histidine and glutamine levels were present. There also appeared an over fourfold increase of the Glu/GABA ratio, a theoretical marker of the neuronal excitation level, in the kindled animals. A multivariate classification tree analysis showed that the hippocampal concentration of taurine, together with GABA and Glu, had the relatively largest prediction accuracy in discriminating between kindled and non-kindled animals, suggesting a specific role of these amino acids in the shaping of a new equilibrium between excitatory and inhibitory processes in the hippocampus of kindled animals. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aims: To investigate the microbicidal mechanisms of high-power microwave (2.