Women Seliciclib Cdc2 were reinterviewed in the seventh prenatal month and at delivery when data were collected on second and third trimester substance use, respectively. Postpartum study phases were conducted at 8 and 18 months, 3, 6, 10, 14, 16, and 22 years. This report presents data from the prenatal period and at the 16-year follow-up. The birth cohort included 763 mothers and their live-born singletons. At 16 years, 592 subjects were interviewed. Subject loss between birth and this phase included refusals for the current phase (n = 52), moved out of Pittsburgh (n = 35), lost to follow-up (n = 69), child death (n = 6), or placed for adoption/foster care (9). Adolescents with diagnosed mental retardation (n = 8), fibrous dysplasia (n = 1), and cerebral palsy (n = 2) were excluded from the analyses.

Two cases with missing drug use information were dropped from the analyses, resulting in a sample of 579 adolescents for this report. There was no difference in PCSE between those who participated in the study at age 16 (n = 579) and those who did not (n = 184). The study participants represent a lower socioeconomic population. At the16-year phase, the median family income was $1700 per month (range 0�C18,000), the average level of maternal education was 12.2 years (range 7�C18), 39% of the mothers were married, 73% worked outside of the home, 46% were Caucasian, and 54% were Black. The average age of the adolescents was 16.9 years (range 16�C19), 52% were female, and 16% did not live with their biological mothers. In these cases, the current caregiver completed the parent interview.

For convenience, we refer to all caregivers as mothers. Measures Maternal tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use was assessed at the fourth and seventh prenatal months and at delivery for the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. During the interview at each trimester of pregnancy, women were asked whether they smoked cigarettes and how much they smoked per day. In the early phase, PCSE was measured as the number of packs smoked per day (none, less than half a pack, half a pack, etc.). This was translated into the average number of cigarettes per day using the median of each category, assuming each pack contains 20 cigarettes. Categories ranged from none to 3 packs/day. Women were interviewed about the quantity and frequency of alcohol (beer, liquor, and wine), and marijuana (cigarettes, hashish, and sinsemilla) use.

Alcohol was expressed as the average number GSK-3 of drinks per day, and marijuana use was expressed as the average number of joints smoked per day. The validity of the substance use questionnaire used during pregnancy is described in detail by Day and Robles (1989). At 16 years, the mothers were asked the same questions about their substance use during the last year. The mothers and the caregivers were also asked whether the biological parents or any blood-related relatives of the adolescent had drinking problems.