We would also extend our gratitude to the Penang Botanical Garden, Folia Malaysiana Heritage Foundation, Singapore Botanical Garden, RBG Kew Herbarium (KEW), University Malaya Herbarium (KLU), FRIM Herbarium (KEP), and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Herbarium (UKMB) for allowing us to study their specimens and other assistance rendered during this study. Our sincere thanks also go to individuals that unselfishly shared their experiences and time in assisting us in the field, Dato Seri Lim Chong Kiat (Folia Malaysiana Foundations), Mr. 3-MA research buy Baharuddin Sulaiman (USM) and Mr. Hamid (Penang Botanical Garden). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative

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“Introduction PI3K Inhibitor Library in vivo rattans belong to the palm subfamily Calamoideae and are ecologically and economically important in Asian rainforests (Gentry 1991). They are characterised by spiny stems and scaly fruits. Most rattans are lianas and climb by means of either a cirrus (an extension of the leaf rachis) or flagellum (a modified inflorescence), both of which are armed with recurved, grappling spines. Palms (Arecaceae) belong to the monocotyledonous plants whose characteristic feature is the absence of secondary growth in diameter.