We also failed to identify all the Staurosporine purchase components of a complete membrane transporter complex; however, it is possible that expression of all sequences encoded by the transporter gene operon SIS3 price may not necessarily take place at the same time. ABC transporters components encoded by different operons may likely interact to form functional transporters, producing the further advantage of creating many different combinations that can help evasion of host defense mechanisms. For instance, the genome of M.

agalactiae PG2T encodes for two oligopeptide (Opp) ABC transporters, one typical of the hominis group and one probably transferred by means of horizontal gene transfer mechanisms from M. mycoides subsp. mycoides and M. capricolum subsp. capricolum. We identified the substrate binding protein (OppA) from one operon, and the permease (OppC) and

the ATP-binding protein (OppF) from another operon; notably, these proteins create a functional transporter. Moreover, OppA could be more than a simple substrate binding protein, since it was demonstrated to play an important role in pathogenicity in M. hominis by inducing ATP release and cell death of HeLa cells in vitro and by mediating adhesion to host cells [38–40]. Other authors reported learn more a different pattern of expression of these operons: in the study by Nouvel and co-workers [37], only OppA, OppF, and OppD were detected. These apparently controversial results could be due to technical issues, or be dependent on variations in expression of Opps within the PG2T strain. This will need to be elucidated in future studies. Upon analysis Chlormezanone of all MS data, the proteins putatively assigned by the GO software as cytoplasmic accounted to 36%. Among these, many hydrolases were present. However, lipases, peptidases, and nucleases might be associated to the membrane compartment and assist in reducing macromolecules to simple components, enabling their uptake. In fact, mycoplasmas lack many biosynthetic pathways and rely on internalization of nucleotides, amino acids, sugars and lipids from their external environment. Recently, it was reported that hydrolytic enzymes are surface-located in mycoplasmas, and

that they can be associated with ABC transporters in order to digest macromolecules before uptake of simpler components, or play major roles in pathogenicity [41]. Interestingly, in the M. agalactiae genome, the genes coding for many of these hydrolases are also located close to ABC transporter operons. Several other proteins have a predicted cytoplasmic localization, but could be membrane-associated in mycoplasmas, such as the elongation factor tu (EF-Tu) and the E1 beta subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Traditionally, these are considered to be cytoplasmic proteins involved in protein synthesis and energy production, respectively, but it was demonstrated that in M. pneumoniae they are surface exposed and interact with host fibronectin, mediating adhesion [42, 43].