This observation revealed that bevacizumab increased perivascular ECM such as collagen fibers

in the central area of the tumor and closed the normal blood-brain barrier with an orderly ECM wall in the border area of the tumor. Adding cilengitide further reduced the number of tumor vessels with a BMS-354825 price normalized blood-brain barrier at the border of the tumor. The conditional approval of bevacizumab by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2009 for patients with recurrent glioblastoma was linked to future demonstrations of its efficacy in prospective trials of newly diagnosed patients. Two such trials were performed, largely in parallel—one by RTOG (RTOG 0825) and one by Roche (AVAGlio) [16]. At the 2013 Annual American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting in Chicago, the results from both trials were shown to provide a uniform picture: Progression-free survival was significantly prolonged, and quality of life was preserved in the AVAGlio trial but not in RTOG 0825. Safety and tolerability were acceptable, but overall survival was not improved. Several reports mentioned that increased tumor invasiveness is a major refractory to the antiangiogenic therapy. de Groot et al. described three patients who, during bevacizumab therapy, Rapamycin in vitro developed infiltrative lesions visible by MRI and presented the data that pair imaging features seen on MRI with histopathologic findings

[17]. DeLay et al. revealed a

hyperinvasive phenotype, which was one of the resistance patterns of glioblastoma after bevacizumab therapy and was upregulated with integrin signaling pathway including integrin α5 and fibronectin 1 [18]. Our results also showed that bevacizumab treatment led to increased cell invasion in spite of decreased angiogenesis. Previous reports showed that integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 play a central role in glioma invasion and inhibition of integrins STK38 decreased glioma cell motility in vitro [19] and [20]. We reported that cilengitide exerts its antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and invasion or by inducing apoptosis-related pathways [9], [13] and [21]. We recently established two novel invasive animal glioma models (J3T-1 and J3T-2) that reflect the invasive phenotype of human malignant gliomas [22]. These models were particularly beneficial to investigate the anti-invasive effects of cilengitide [13]. Currently, cilengitide is being assessed in phase II and phase III trials for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma [11] and [23]. Lombardi et al. recently reported two cases with bevacizumab-refractory high-grade glioma treated with cilengitide [24]. Some recent reports proved that the inhibition of VEGF promoted glioma invasion through HGF-dependent Met protooncogene phosphorylation in association with phenotypic changes such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [25] and [26].