These approaches allow efficient analysis of large numbers of SNP for multiple traits

and populations and pooling of results across populations.”
“Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 (BNT) ferroelectric thin film was fabricated on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate using pulsed laser deposition. Domain structure, domain switching and hysteresis loops of the BNT film were investigated via piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Clear domain structure, complete domain switching and strong piezoresponse are found in BNT film. The PFM images before and after poling illustrate that domain structure and domain switching are restricted by grain boundaries. The shifted P-V hysteresis loops and butterfly loops indicate that internal field exists see more in the prepared BNT film. Both grain boundaries and internal field affect domain switching of the polycrystalline BNT film. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3626829]“
“The aim of this study was to develop chitosan-coated and polyplex-loaded liposomes (PLLs) containing DNA vaccine for Peyer’s patch targeting. Plain liposomes carrying plasmid pRc/CMV-HBs were prepared by the reverse-phase evaporation method. Chitosan coating was carried out by incubation of the liposomal

suspensions with chitosan solution. Main lipid components of liposomes were phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol. Sodium deoxycholate and dicetyl phosphate were 4SC-202 molecular weight BX-795 used as negative charge inducers. The zeta potentials of plain liposomes were strongly affected by the pH of the medium. Coating with chitosan variably increased the surface charges of the liposomes. To increase the zeta potential and stability of the liposome, chitosan was also used as a DNA condensing agent to form a polyplex. The PLLs were coated with chitosan solution. In vivo study of PLLs was carried out in comparison with chitosan-coated liposomes using plasmid encoding green fluorescence protein as a reporter. A single dose of plasmid equal to 100 mu g was intragastrically inoculated into BALB/c mice. The expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) was detected

after 24 h using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The signal of GFP was obtained from positively charged chitosan-coated liposomes but found only at the upper part of duodenum. With chitosan-coated PLL540, the signal of GFP was found throughout the intestine. Chitosan-coated PLL demonstrated a higher potential to deliver the DNA to the distal intestine than the chitosan-coated liposomes due to the increase in permanent positive surface charges and the decreased enzymatic degradation.”
“It was difficult to obtain high degree of hydrogenation of hydroxyl-terminated liquid nitrile rubber (HTBN) by using homogeneous noble metal catalyst because the hydroxyl (-OH) in HTBN was likely to cause catalyst poisoning.