The size of ZnO nanorods becomes larger due to the isotropic growth. At −2.4 V, the shape of the CTs was still kept, but

the boundaries between the Ni/PET fibers were somewhat not well-defined in Figure 4b. As shown in the inset, the sizes of thick ZnO microstructures were estimated to be approximately 0.5 to 1 μm and their surface looked like a porous film due to the closely packed ZnO microstructures. When the external cathodic voltage was increased to −2.8 V, the deposited ZnO was much thicker and the shape of the CTs was indistinguishable (Figure 4c). As can be seen in the I-BET-762 clinical trial inset, the sizes of thick ZnO microstructures were distributed to be approximately 2.5 to 4 μm. Figure 4d shows the measured current densities at different external cathodic voltages. During

the ED process for 1 h, the current densities were observed to be about 0.25 to 0.35, 0.37 to 0.47, 3.74 to 3.97, and 5.24 to 6.67 mA/cm2 at the external cathodic voltages of −1.6, −2, −2.4 and −2.8 V, respectively. At low external cathodic KU55933 mw voltages of −1.6 and −2 V, the current density was slightly changed and RG7112 order stabilized. But the current density somewhat fluctuated at high external cathodic voltage of −2.4 V, and it became more unstable at −2.8 V. This is probably attributed to the large variation of electrolyte at high external cathodic voltage. Figure 4 FE-SEM micrographs and applied current densities. Synthesized ZnO on the seed-coated CT substrate at different external cathodic voltages of (a) −1.6 V, (b) −2.4 V, and (c) −2.8 V for 1 h under ultrasonic agitation, and (d) current density as a function of growth time at different external cathodic voltages. The insets of (a to c) show the magnified SEM images of the selected region of the corresponding samples. Figure 5a shows the 2θ scan XRD patterns of the synthesized ZnO on the seed-coated CT substrate at different external cathodic voltages from −1.6 to −2.8 V for 1 h Prostatic acid phosphatase under ultrasonic agitation, and Figure 5b shows the TEM image and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the single nanorod detached

from the ZnO NRAs grown at −2 V. For comparison, the XRD pattern of bare CT substrate is also given in Figure 5a. The high-resolution (HR) TEM image of the ZnO nanorod is also shown in the inset of Figure 5b. As can be seen in all XRD patterns, the PET and Ni peaks were clearly observed at the same positions. At −1.6 V, meanwhile, it was difficult to observe the ZnO XRD peaks since the ZnO was not formed as shown in Figure 4a. However, when the external cathodic voltage was increased above −2 V, the ZnO XRD peaks were clearly observed. Herein, the ZnO XRD patterns were indexed to the wurtzite structure of ZnO (JCPDS card number 89-1397). For three ZnO-deposited samples (−2, −2.4, and −2.8 V), the dominant ZnO (002) peaks were commonly observed, indicating that the ZnO was preferentially grown along the c-axis.