The rest of the fungal genera were isolated in very small numbers and cannot be concluded to be media-specific. All of the 21 bacterial and 10 fungal representatives (belonging to 21 different bacterial species and 10 different fungal species, respectively) were tested against two marine bacteria and two coral pathogenic fungi to examine their spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Sixteen isolates (51.6%) displayed antimicrobial Ferroptosis targets activity against at least one bacterium or fungus (Table 1). There were 11 and 5 antimicrobial isolates of bacteria

and fungi, respectively. Most antimicrobial isolates (12 of 16 isolates) exhibited distinct activity against marine bacterium M. luteus. The antimicrobial activity (double-layer assay) of several microbial isolates against M. luteus is shown in Fig. 5. A few bacterial isolates (such as Streptomyces isolate SCSAAB0028 and SCSAAB0035) displayed relatively

high antimicrobial activity against all the four indicator microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis isolate SCSAAB0014 exhibited strong activity against the two fungal indicators A. versicolor and A. sydowii, and Streptomyces xiamenensis isolate SCSAAB0035 displayed strong activity against the two bacterial indicators. Among the 16 antimicrobial active isolates, the bacterial genera Bacillus and Streptomyces, and fungal genus Penicillium isolates had the highest proportions of antimicrobial activity: find protocol 16.1%, 12.9% and 9.7%, respectively. The present study provides the first analysis of the microbial communities

inhabiting black coral species using culture-dependent techniques. All 21 bacterial and 10 fungal species were isolated from the South China Sea black coral A. dichotoma. The high level of microbial diversity in A. dichotoma is in accordance with previous studies on those of stony coral Acropora digitifera from the Gulf of Mannar and some soft corals (Harder et al., 2003; Gray et al., 2011). However, the lack of bacterial Gammaproteobacteria phylum in A. dichotoma is in sharp contrast to the stony and soft corals, in which selleck the Gammaproteobacteria phylum is relatively common and abundant (Harder et al., 2003; Nithyanand & Pandian, 2009; Gray et al., 2011). This is probably due to the different morphological structures of the black coral A. dichotoma and stony and soft coral species, or possibly that Gammaproteobacteria phylum are not trapped in the tissues of A. dichotoma. The Firmicutes phylum was the largest bacterial group in A. dichotoma, and most species (such as B. altitudinis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. vallismortis) of Firmicutes phylum in A. dichotoma were not recovered from stony and soft corals (Harder et al., 2003; Lampert et al., 2006; Nithyanand & Pandian, 2009; Nithyanand et al., 2011).