The genomic analysis of the zebrafish shows that the zfCD2f-1.2 gene clusters are present separately on different chromosomes (chromosomes 1 and 2). As the sequences of the CD2f genes on both chromosomes are quite similar, either locus could have arisen from a retrotransposition

event. The retrotransposition of Ig domain-containing receptors has been already implied in teleosts. Yoder et al. [39] reported that part of the NITRs, which possess cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), arose by retrotransposition. These genomic sequences of CD2f and NITR indicate that IgSF genes may be expanded through transposition and that they acquired novel functions by the acquisition of ITSM, ITIM, or ITAM motifs. Above all, the expansion of zebrafish CD2f genes sharing quite high identity strongly supports the hypothesis Duvelisib clinical trial that the IgSF genes were diversified and generated by successive gene duplication events. In addition, ITAM- or ITIM-containing IgSF

receptors, such as leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITR) and novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (NILT), have been identified in several fish species [17], [28] and [31]. It would be interesting to understand the phylogenetic relationship between CD2f and these diverse receptors. Since the identified CD2fs share of considerably buy RG7204 high identity compared to other IgSF that is known so far, they may have been generated from an ancestral Ig-domain gene by more recent duplication event. Further functional analysis of teleost CD2f will advance our understanding of IgSF evolution and diversity. This research was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) from Japan Society, a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and a Research Grant for Young Investigators of Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. “
“Global production of commercially important shrimp species such as the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus, and the tiger shrimp

Penaeus monodon has increased exponentially and are extensively farmed along the east coast of India. The industrial culture of F. indicus has recently experienced serious problems linked to the outbreak of microbial diseases caused by viruses and bacteria. Diseases which occur at all stages of shrimp culture and in capture fisheries in India are responsible for the declined production and vast economic losses. Studying anti-microbial peptides/proteins (AMPs), which are effector molecules of the host defense, is particularly attractive not only for progressing basic knowledge on shrimps immunity but also because they offer various possible applications for disease management in aquaculture [1].