Table 1 Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on preclinical disease models When injected systemically, MSCs accumulate in the lungs and capillary beds of other tissues, which could decrease the number of MSCs migrating to target areas for treatment. molecule library Several lines of genetic and chemical engineering research are already working to improve cell delivery[82]. There still remains a dearth of information on the long-term engraftment of MSCs in target organs, which is important

in light of their initial lung entrapment. Importantly, more research is necessary for a better understanding of the fate of injected MSCs, to determine whether they maintain their primary phenotype or differentiate, depending on the molecular milieu and microenvironment encountered. The use of MSCs for immune-modulation represents an exciting new step in cellular

therapy. However, a number of considerations and further characterizations of the precise nature of these cells will improve their future use in a number of different settings. The conditions of culture can greatly impact the phenotypes of the cells, which is a consideration of in vitro culture of cells for therapy. As the MSCs respond to their environments, a more difficult variable to control will be the in vivo setting in which they are introduced; cells introduced into an inflammatory environment may respond differently from those introduced into a suppressive environment, for example.

Thus, future studies that further address these questions and are geared toward a more precise characterization of MSC populations and how they respond to these different pathological settings may help promote safe and effective clinical utility of these cells. Footnotes P- Reviewer: Gharaee-Kermani M, Hwang SM S- Editor: Ji FF L- Editor: A E- Editor: Lu YJ
Complicated births are expensive and have long-term consequences for the health of both mothers and infants. Nationwide, maternal and perinatal complications are among the most prevalent diagnoses for women of Drug_discovery childbearing age (Elixhauser & Wier, 2011, May; Martin, Hamilton, & Ventura, 2012; Wier & Andrews, 2011, March). Birth complications are an especially important area for Medicaid, in that two out of every three adult women Medicaid beneficiaries are of childbearing age (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012, January), and about half of all Medicaid hospital stays are for pregnancy, childbirth, and newborns (Stranges, Ryan, & Elixhauser, 2011, January). Furthermore, Medicaid pays for approximately 45 percent of all births in the United States (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2012,June). The high costs of complicated births result in expensive hospital stays (Wier & Andrews, 2011, March).