Similarly, anti-insect activity of crude ethanolic extracts from Streptomyces sp. in terms of larval mortality had been reported by Rishikesh et al. [32]. The isolate showed a marked insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae in a dose dependent manner with 100% mortality at concentration of 24 mg/ml. Later, Arasu et al. [21] documented 68.41% and 60.02% larvicidal activities by polyketide metabolite from Streptomyces sp. AP-123 against H. armigera and S. litura, respectively at 1000 ppm. Azadirachtin showed a more toxic effect towards S. litura

as compared to the crude extract of S. hydrogenans as 100% mortality was noticed at higher concentrations. Table 1 Influence of ethyl acetate extract of S. hydrogenans on and azadirachtin on various developmental parameters of S.litura Treatments Concentrations (μg/ml) Larval period (in days) (Mean ± S.E.) Pupal period (in days) (Mean ± S.E.) Total developmental period (in days) (Mean ± S.E.) LY2606368 Streptomyces ethyl acetate extract 400 17.30 ± 0.19ab 10.36 ± 0.40ab 27.66 ± 0.40 800 19.97 ± 2.15ab 8.03 ± 0.76b 28.00 ± 0.93 1600 22.00 ± 2.11b – - f- value 3.30* 5.83** 0.62N.S R2 0.99 0.82 0.57 Azadirachtin 400 16.66 ± 0.33c 7.00 ± 0.36c – 800 – - – 1600 – - – f- value – - – R2 – - – Mean ± SE followed by different letters (superscript) with in a column are significantly different. Tukey’s test P ≤ 0.05, N.S = Non Significant, R2 = Coefficient of determination, *Significant

at 5% level, **Significant at 1% level. Table 2 Regression equation, lower as well LBH589 molecular weight as upper 95% confidence limits for LC 50 and LC 90   Regression equation 95% Confidence limit LC 50 LC 90 Lower Upper (μg/ml)

(μg/ml) Streptomyces ethyl acetate extract   1164.962a 1562.021a 1337.384 2070.516 Y = 6.751X-16.107 1729.403b 2989.165b     32.516c 363.252c 260.121 560.390 Azadirachtin Y = 3.866X-9.344 427.265d 1142.37d     aLower and upper 95% confidence limits for LC50 for Streptomyces ethyl acetate extract, bLower and upper 95% confidence limits for LC90 Streptomyces ethyl acetate extract, cLower and upper 95% confidence limits for LC50 for azadirachtin, dLower and upper 95% Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) confidence limits for LC90 for azadirachtin. Prepupal mortality (66.66%) was also higher at the highest concentration (P ≤ 0.01) (Table 3). Diet supplemented with extract of S. hydrogenans induced 48–100% pupal mortality. As compared to control, significantly higher mortality of more than 50% was recorded at highest concentrations (P ≤ 0.01) (Table 3). Similarly, dose dependent (125–1000 ppm) pupal mortality (18–62%) was reported by Arasu et al. [21] and documented that prolonged larval–pupal durations were directly proportional to the increase in pupicidal activities. The adverse effect of solvent extract was also observed on emergence and performance of adults emerged from treated larvae. Adult emergence was significantly lower when larvae were reared on diet amended with extract (P ≤ 0.