Results: We randomly allocated 126 patients to receive antivenom IV (64) and IM (62). After antivenom treatment pain improved in 40/64(62) in the IV group vs. 33/62(53) in the IM group (+9; 95 Credible Interval [CrI]: -8% to +26). The probability of a difference greater than zero (IV superior) was 85% but the probability of a difference <20 was only 10%. In 55 patients with systemic effects, Staurosporine order these improved in 58% after IV antivenom vs. 65 after IM antivenom (-8%; 95% Crl: 32% to +17%).

Twenty-four hours after antivenom pain had improved in 84 in the IV group vs. 71% in the IM group (+13%; 95% Crl: -2% to 27%). A meta-analysis including data from a previous trial found no difference in the primary outcome between IV and IM administration.

Discussion: The difference

between IV and IM routes of administration of widow spider antivenom is, at best, small and does not justify routinely choosing one route over the other. Furthermore, antivenom may provide no benefit over placebo.”
“Whole-body bioimaging was employed to study the effects of passive immunotherapies on lethality and viral dissemination in BALB/c mice challenged with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing luciferase. WRvFire and IHD-J-Luc vaccinia viruses induced lethality check details with similar times to death following intranasal infection, but WRvFire replicated at higher levels than IHD-J-Luc in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Three types of therapies were tested: licensed human anti-vaccinia virus immunoglobulin intravenous (VIGIV); recombinant anti-vaccinia virus immunoglobulin (rVIG; Symphogen, Denmark), an investigational product containing a mixture of 26 human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against mature virion (MV) and enveloped virion (EV); and HuMAb compositions targeting subsets of MV or EV proteins. Bioluminescence recorded daily PF299804 cost showed that pretreatment with VIGIV (30 mg) or with rVIG (100 mu g) on day -2 protected mice from death but did not prevent viral replication at the site of inoculation and dissemination to internal organs. Compositions containing HuMAbs against MV or EV proteins were protective in both infection

models at 100 mu g per animal, but at 30 mu g, only anti-EV antibodies conferred protection. Importantly, the t statistic of the mean total fluxes revealed that viral loads in surviving mice were significantly reduced in at least 3 sites for 3 consecutive days (days 3 to 5) postchallenge, while significant reduction for 1 or 2 days in any individual site did not confer protection. Our data suggest that reduction of viral replication at multiple sites, including respiratory tract, spleen, and liver, as monitored by whole-body bioluminescence can be used to predict the effectiveness of passive immunotherapies in mouse models.”
“Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative and affective-motivational components.