No data are available on this procedure which has not been proven very effective with Akt targets other vaccines [26] for the presence of frequent non-household sources of infections. The present work provided country specific data which can be an important key point, as suggested by international

recommendations [1] to make sustainable decisions, given the great regional variability in MenB incidence and serogroup distribution. Since the available vaccine is made of a mix of 4 subcapsular protein of MenB, which can be absent in different MenB isolates, it will be mandatory to go on with epidemiological studies to evaluate whether, under the immune pressure induced by vaccination, new mutants which do not express the 4 proteins target of the vaccine will escape the immune system [27]. ERK activity Large epidemiological studies will continue to be needed to monitor and evaluate the introduction of this new vaccine, and to measure the impact of vaccination on achieving the goal of eliminating meningococcal disease and RT-PCR should be included in all surveillance programs in order to obtain more precise evaluation of incidence, case fatality rate and serogroup distribution. The research was partially supported by

the Italian Department of Health (CCM), by the Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital and by the University of Florence. Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflict of interest. “
“Primary varicella infection (chickenpox) is an acute illness

caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is characterised by a generalised vesicular rash, fever and malaise. [1] In the UK, most chickenpox occurs in children under 10 years old and is mild. nearly Seroprevalence data suggest 80% of 11-year-olds in England and Wales have previously been exposed to varicella infection. [2] Serious illness mainly occurs in immunocompromised individuals and the remaining susceptible adults, which is of particular concern in pregnancy, and may lead to maternal complications (e.g. varicella pneumonia) and severe foetal consequences (e.g. congenital varicella syndrome). When VZV reactivates from dorsal root ganglia in later life, this causes a painful dermatomal rash known as herpes zoster or shingles. Universal varicella immunisation has not been introduced in the UK, in part due to concerns that this may shift the burden of primary disease to susceptible adults, who are at higher risk of complications, [3], [4] and [5] and increase shingles reactivations, due to reduced natural boosting in those previously exposed [4] and [5]. A recent review by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) concluded that a two-dose childhood varicella vaccination schedule was not cost-effective, but JCVI did recommend a single-dose herpes zoster vaccine for adults aged 70–79 [6].