MT performed the immunogold labelled electron microscopy and contributed to writing the manuscript. CF contributed to the construction of mutants and writing of the manuscript. AGM contributed to the design of experiments and writing of the manuscript. MAS conceived click here the study and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin) is a secondary metabolite produced by some Fusarium species of fungi. DON belongs to the trichothecene group of mycotoxins characterized by the 12,13-epoxy-trichothec-9-ene ring system. It has been shown that the 12,13-epoxide

group on the trichothecene nucleus of DON is mainly responsible for its toxicity [1, 2]. The toxin causes clinical symptoms including feed refusal, vomiting, lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, immunosuppression and lack of muscle coordination in domestic

animals [2–4]. DON contamination often occurs when weather is conducive to the infection of cereal crops by Fusarium fungi and this website is commonly found worldwide on corn, wheat, barley, and other grains. Contamination of grains by DON poses an increasingly serious threat to U0126 livestock production and human health. Despite a plethora of information regarding the biochemistry, toxicity, and modes of action of mycotoxins, it still remains a challenge to control/eradicate DON either pre- or post- harvest [5]. The industries are facing an even greater challenge due to the increased incidence of Fusarium ear rot of corn and the competition for corn from the emerging biofuel industry [6]. Therefore, effective methods to control mycotoxin contamination are urgently needed. The prevention of mycotoxin production and detoxification of mycotoxins are the two main strategies for control of mycotoxin contamination. While physical and chemical

techniques have been largely used to detoxify DON, breeding Methocarbamol for Fusarium-resistant plants and preharvest use of fungicides are the main strategies for the prevention [7]. Biological detoxification has also been a choice for postharvest treatment because of its advantages in efficiency, specificity, and environmental soundness. A de-epoxy metabolite of DON, resulting from enzymatic reduction of the 12,13-epoxy-group to a diene, was identified from rat urine and faeces and first described by Yoshizawa et al. [8]. The de-epoxy DON, called dE-DON or DOM-1 in the literature, has been proven to be much less toxic than DON [2, 9, 10]. Biotransformation of DON by microbial cells or enzymes is particularly attractive [11–13]. In the past two and half decades, transformation of DON by mixed microorganisms from animal intestines has been studied [5]. One significant study showed that DON incubated in vitro with the contents of the large intestine of chicken (CLIC) disappeared within 24 hr [14].