Mouse antibodies (CD44-FITC αv-APC and β3-PE) were all purchased

from BD Biosciences. All the stained samples were analyzed in a Calibur instrument (BD Biosciences, CA) and data were analyzed in FCS express software (De Novo, CA). Whole lungs were collected from treated animals and were preserved in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections of lungs were stained with Hematoxylene and Eosin staining (H&E) to evaluate efficacy of different treatments on the growth of lung tumors. Plasma samples were collected when mice were euthanized at the end of in vivo study and mouse OPN VX-680 manufacturer was measured by an ELISA kit (R&D System, MN) using a protocol provided by the manufacturer. Tumor implantation KrasG12D-LSLp53fl/fl mice (n = 10) were inhaled intranasally with Adeno-CMV-Cre (2.5 × 10^7 viral particles, University

of Iowa, IO). Using trocar catheter, pieces of tumors were removed from the lungs at 16 weeks post-inhalation and were immediately implanted subcutaneously in Scid/beige mice. Tumor bearing mice (n = 10) were randomized at 8 days post-implantation when tumors reached 200 mm3 using caliper measurement [35]. Randomized animals were treated with vehicle, Carboplatin (25 mg/kg weekly, Hospira, IL), AOM1 (30 mg/kg weekly) and combination of both compounds using intra-peritoneal route of administration. The entire study was terminated when vehicle-treated tumors PRI-724 order reached ~2500 mm3. Whole lungs were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and were cut using a microtome machine in the laboratory. Slides from each treatment were stained in H&E (hetoxylin and eosin) and metastasis in each section was assessed by a certified pathologist. Lung lesions were quantified based on size of tumors to small (less than 10 cells) medium (10-200) and large (more than 200 cells). Results Development and characterization of AOM1 monoclonal antibody targeting mouse and human OPN Analysis of aa (amino-acid) sequences of three different isoforms of OPN (a, b and c) provided some clue about

common regions between the isotypes in order to identify antibodies potentially capable of binding and neutralizing all forms of OPN (Figure 1A). Consistent with a published report [36], there PJ34 HCl is a conserved aa sequence in all three isoforms corresponding to binding sites for a series of integrins including α4β1, α4β7, α9β1, α9β4, αvβ3, αvβ1, αvβ5, αvβ5, α5β1 and α8β1 making it an attractive epitope to SB-715992 mouse target with an anti-OPN neutralizing antibody. Screening of phage display libraries identified several antibodies with the potential to bind to the integrin biding sequence of OPN. Further detailed biochemical and cellular characterization led to the discovery of AOM1, a fully human monoclonal antibody with the ability of neutralizing both human and mouse OPN. Species specificity of AOM1 was determined by SPR (surface plasmon resonance) using OPN immobilized on a Biacore chip. AOM1 was found to cross-react with human and mouse OPN (Figure 1.B).