In parallel,

even when increased level of insulin in the umbilical cord blood is found in GMD [71], confirming earlier observations [22, 51, 99], there is not information regarding the potential mechanism(s) associated with this specific response to insulin by the fetoplacental unit in GDM [5, 81, 83, 101]. Abnormal regulation of the insulin receptor splicing in key tissues responsive to insulin may occur in patients with insulin resistance, but its role is unclear in GDM [50, 81]. A recent study shows that IR-A activation by insulin activates a predominant mitogenic instead of a metabolic signaling selleck inhibitor pathway in HUVEC [98] (F Westermeier and L Sobrevia, unpublished observations), as described in response to IR-B activation in the R-cell line of mouse embryonic fibroblasts SCH772984 nmr [75]. These findings suggest differential cell signaling pathways activated by these insulin receptor subtypes in the human fetoplacental macrocirculation [35, 75]. Thus, modulation of the expression level of these isoforms will have a consequence in the metabolism of the endothelial cells of the fetoplacental unit in GDM. Other evidence suggests that decreased insulin response could result from increased IR-A over IR-B expression as reported in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes

mellitus [63] and patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 [73] or 2 [7, 73]. A potential insulin resistance in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in the human fetus from GDM pregnancies is reported [71]. Thus, differential expression of insulin receptor isoforms in fetoplacental tissues could be playing a

role in this Progesterone phenomenon. There is not available information regarding functionality of the l-arginine/NO pathway or the expression of hCATs and eNOS in placental microvascular endothelium from GDM pregnancies [39, 81]. However, in hPMEC from normal pregnancies l-arginine uptake has been reported as mediated by system y+/CATs with apparent Km ~ 90 μM and system y+L with apparent Km ~ 2 μM [26]. Based on the apparent Km values detected in these assays, it was suggested that hCAT-1 isoform instead of hCAT-2A or hCAT-2B isoforms were responsible of l-arginine transport in this cell type. Interestingly, since hCAT-2B transport activity occurs with an apparent Km in a similar range of that for hCAT-1 activity in hPMEC (E Guzmán-Gutiérrez and L Sobrevia, unpublished observations) and most mammalian cells [24, 53, 81], complementary assays such as trans-stimulation of transport, or the use of tools leading to knockdown or overexpression of these membrane transporters, are required for a better discrimination between these two potential transport mechanisms. We have found that l-arginine transport is mediated by hCAT-1 and hCAT-2B in hPMEC from normal pregnancies, a phenomenon most likely under modulation by insulin (E Guzmán-Gutiérrez and L Sobrevia, unpublished observations).