In one condition, different features on different parts of the object were highlighted for infants Sotrastaurin purchase in the reception and the experimental rooms. In the other condition, infants’ attention was drawn to the object in both locations by verbal and gestural means without a single, specific feature being highlighted. Such manipulations served to enhance infants’ representation of the object without helping them track the object’s identity across its dislocations. If infants’ difficulty responding to absent reference is caused by their confusion about object identity, they should only find the object in the condition in which the same feature is highlighted in both rooms. On the other

hand, if infants simply need a stronger and richer representation of the target object, they should locate the hidden object in all three conditions. Fifty-six 12-month-olds participated

(M = 12 months 15 days; range 11 months 23 days—12 months 29 days; 28 girls). Seven additional infants were omitted because of parental interference (2), failure to attend to the target objects (2), lost videotape (2), and sibling interference (1). Participants were primarily Caucasian and from middle-class families. They were recruited from a city area by phone from a database of interested families and were full-term at birth, normally developing and hearing, with English as their primary language. Two ottomans that were identical in shape and size (one brown, one black) were used as hiding locations. Target objects were two stuffed animals from the laboratory. One stuffed animal (a pig) was shown to infants before the GSK2118436 concentration experiment and thus was familiar when the experiment started. The other stuffed animal (a dog) was not shown to infants before the experiment and thus was new when the experiment

started. Infants in a previous study using the same test objects were equally likely to respond to the dog and pig. The toy pig had two characteristic features. First, there were yellow threads on the side that had remained after a label was cut off. Second, yellow threads were attached to the back of the neck for the purposes of the study. During the experiment, the researcher directed infants’ Niclosamide attention to these features in different conditions. Every infant participated in a new toy and familiar toy condition. The familiar toy condition will be described first. There were three between-subjects variants of the familiar toy condition: identifying feature, nonidentifying feature, and no feature. The three conditions varied according to which feature of the familiar object the experimenter highlighted during familiarization. The familiar toy was introduced to infants in a familiarization phase. This phase was held in the reception room and started after infants were acquainted with the experimenter and felt comfortable. During familiarization, the experimenter and baby played with the pig for 3–4 min.