EDL933 and E. coli C grew on Aga and GlcNAc (Figures 5B and 5D) and E. coli C grew on Gam (Figure 5C) but EDL933 did not grow on Gam (Figure 5C) because it is Aga+ Gam- as explained earlier. Growth of EDL933 ΔagaI on Aga was not affected (Figure 5B). E. coli C ΔagaI also grew on Aga and Gam (Figures 5B and 5C) indicating that deletion of the intact agaI gene in E. coli C did not affect the utilization of these amino sugars just as Aga utilization was not affected in EDL933 ΔagaI. Growth on GlcNAc as carbon and nitrogen source was unaffected in ΔagaI mutants of EDL933 and E. coli C (Figure 5D) indicating that

agaI is not involved in the utilization of GlcNAc. The utilization of Aga by EDL933 ΔnagB and that of Aga and Gam by E. coli C ΔnagB was unaffected (Figures 5B CAL-101 in vivo and 5C). To resolve, whether agaI and nagB substitute for each other as agaA and nagA do, ΔagaI ΔnagB mutants were examined for growth on Aga and Gam. As shown in Figure 5B, the utilization of Aga by EDL933 ΔagaI ΔnagB and that of Aga and Gam by E. coli C ΔagaI ΔnagB (Figures 5B and 5C) was not affected in these double knockout mutants thus providing convincing evidence that neither agaI nor nagB is required in the Aga/Gam pathway and particularly in

the deamination and isomerization of Gam-6-P to tagatose-6-P and NH3. That ΔnagB and the ΔagaI ΔnagB mutants of EDL933 and E. coli C could not utilize GlcNAc (Figure 5D) I-BET-762 clinical trial was not unexpected as it is known that the loss of nagB affects GlcNAc utilization [2, 4]. Identical results were obtained as in Figures 5B, 5C, and 5D, when these mutants were analyzed for growth on Aga, Gam, and GlcNAc plates without any added nitrogen source (data not shown). Complementation of ΔnagB and the ΔagaI ΔnagB mutants of E. coli C with pJFnagB restored growth of these mutants on GlcNAc containing NH4Cl thus showing that

the inability of these mutants to grow on GlcNAc was solely due to the loss of nagB (data not shown). In addition, we have also observed by phenotypic microarray [12, 13] that utilization of GlcN, ManNAc, and N-acetylneuraminic acid was also affected in ΔnagB and ΔagaI ΔnagB mutants (data not shown) as catabolism of these amino sugars is known to lead to the formation of GlcN-6-P as a common intermediate [5]. Relative Niclosamide expression levels of agaA, agaS, and nagA were examined by qRT-PCR in these ΔnagB mutants following growth on Selleck C646 glycerol and Aga. In glycerol grown ΔnagB mutants of EDL933 and E. coli C, agaA, agaS, and nagA were not induced. This is unlike ΔnagA mutants grown on glycerol where nagB was induced (Table 1). When grown on Aga, agaA and agaS were induced about 685-fold and 870-fold, respectively, in EDL933 ΔnagB and 150-fold and 90-fold, respectively, in E. coli C ΔnagB. These levels of induction are comparable to that in Aga grown ΔnagA mutants (Table 1).