[doi: 10.1063/1.3460811]“
“Amphoteric polyacrylamide of acrylamide, acryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride, sodium acrylate, and acrylic acid was synthesized by foamed copolymerization. The effects of monomer concentration and composition, initiator concentration and composition,

sodium bicarbonate and stabilizer content on the polymer intrinsic viscosity and monomer conversion were Selleckchem 4EGI-1 examined. The monomer conversion increased with increasing initiator concentration, sodium bicarbonate and stabilizer content. The polymer intrinsic viscosity decreased with increasing initiator concentration. The structure and low molecular weight of the amphoteric polymer were identified by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), respectively. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 159-164,2010″
“Background: High-protein diets have been shown to increase energy expenditure (EE).

Objective: The objective was to study whether a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet (H diet) increases gluconeogenesis and whether this can explain the increase in EE.

Design: Ten healthy men with a mean (+/- SEM) body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 23.0 +/- 0.8 and age of 23 +/- 1 y received an isoenergetic H diet (H condition; 30%, 0%, and 70% of energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively) or a normal-protein diet (N condition; 12%, 55%,

and 33% of energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat, respectively) for 1.5 AZD8186 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor d according to a randomized crossover design, and EE was measured in a respiration chamber. Endogenous glucose production

(EGP) and fractional gluconeogenesis were measured via infusion of [6,6-H-2(2)] ALK inhibitor drugs glucose and ingestion of (H2O)-H-2; absolute gluconeogenesis was calculated by multiplying fractional gluconeogenesis by EGP. Body glycogen stores were lowered at the start of the intervention with an exhaustive glycogen-lowering exercise test.

Results: EGP was lower in the H condition than in the N condition (181 +/- 9 compared with 226 +/- 9 g/d; P < 0.001), whereas fractional gluconeogenesis was higher (0.95 +/- 0.04 compared with 0.64 +/- 0.03; P < 0.001) and absolute gluconeogenesis tended to be higher (171 +/- 10 compared with 145 +/- 10 g/d; P = 0.06) in the H condition than in the N condition. EE (resting metabolic rate) was greater in the H condition than in the N condition (8.46 +/- 0.23 compared with 8.12 +/- 0.31 MJ/d; P < 0.05). The increase in EE was a function of the increase in gluconeogenesis (Delta EE = 0.007 X Delta gluconeogenesis – 0.038; r = 0.70, R-2 = 0.49, P < 0.05). The contribution of Dgluconeogenesis to DEE was 42%; the energy cost of gluconeogenesis was 33% (95% CI: 16%, 50%).

Conclusions: Forty-two percent of the increase in energy expenditure after the H diet was explained by the increase in gluconeogenesis. The cost of gluconeogenesis was 33% of the energy content of the produced glucose. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:519-26.