Colony formation assay Cell proliferation was assessed by colony formation assay. PKCε siRNA-transfected, control siRNA-transfected, and untransfected 769P cells were seeded in a 6-well plate (1 × 103 cells/well), and cultured in

complete medium for 1 week. Cell colonies were then visualized Capmatinib datasheet by 0.25% crystal violet. After washing out the dye, colonies containing > 50 cells were counted. The colony formation efficiency (CFE) was the ratio of the colony number to the planted cell number. Wound-healing assay Cell migration was evaluated by a scratched wound-healing assay on plastic plate wells. In brief, 769P cells were seeded in a 6-well plate (5 × 105 cells/well) and grew to confluence. The monolayer culture was scratched with a sterile micropipette tip to create a denuded zone (gap) of constant width and the cell debris with PBS was removed. The initial gap length and the residual gap length selleck products at 6, 12, or 24 h after wounding were observed under an inverted microscope (ZEISS AXIO OBSERVER Z1) and photographed. The wound area was measured by the program Image J http://​rsb.​info.​nih.​gov/​ij/​. The percentage of wound closure was estimated by 1 – (wound area at Tt/wound area at T0) × 100%, where Tt is the time after wounding and T0 is the time immediately after wounding. Invasion assay Cell invasion was assessed using the

CHEMICON cell invasion assay kit (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. In brief, 300 μl of warm serum-free medium was added into the interior of each insert (8 μm pore size) to rehydrate the extracellular matrix (ECM) layer for 2 h at room temperature, then it was replaced with 300 μl of prepared serum-free suspension of untransfected 769P cells, Amisulpride or cells transfected with PKCε siRNA or control siRNA (5 × 105 cells/ml);

500 μl of medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum was added to the lower chamber of the insert. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 h. After then, non-invading cells in the interior of the inserts were gently removed with a cotton-tipped swab; invasive cells on the lower surface of the inserts were stained with the staining solution for 20 min and counted under a microscope. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Drug sensitivity assay At 48 h after siRNA transfection, transfected and untransfected cells were seeded into a 96-well plate at a density of 5 × 103 cells/well. After 24 h, cells were treated with various doses of sunitinib or 5-fluorouracil (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) for additional 48 h. Cell viability was measured by the MTT assay following the manufacturer’s instructions. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Caspase-3 activity assay The activity of caspase-3 was determined using the caspase-3 activity kit (Beyotime, Haimen, China), based on the ability of caspase-3 to change acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp p-nitroanilide (Ac-DEVD-pNA) into a yellow Savolitinib order formazan product p-nitroaniline (pNA) [29, 30].