CF patients are typically subject to extended antibiotic regimes, but the drugs do not necessarily reach the entire lung at inhibitory concentrations CRT0066101 nmr [21]. Therefore, sub-inhibitory antibiotic exposure could be one factor that promotes P. aeruginosa diversification in the CF lung. Consequently, a better understanding of the responses of P. aeruginosa populations to these sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics in the CF lung would allow clinicians to make better informed choices of antibiotic regimes. Although it is likely that most CF patients acquire P. aeruginosa infections from diverse environmental reservoirs and thus carry

their own unrelated strains, several multidrug-resistant “epidemic” strains capable of patient to patient transmission

have been identified [22]. The selleck LES is the most widespread transmissible strain of P. aeruginosa in the UK [23], and has also been reported in North America [24]. It has been detected in as many as 79% of adult CF patients in a Liverpool CF centre [25]. The high prevalence of LES in CF patients is a concern, given that chronic LES infection has been associated with a greater deterioration in pulmonary function and nutritional state [26] and increased antibiotic resistance [27]. In this study, we analysed P. aeruginosa LES populations in an artificial sputum medium (ASM) model Amylase that mimics CF sputum in terms of composition. Various groups have utilised ASM models to study, for example, gene expression patterns and the effects of bacteriophages [28–30]. P. aeruginosa, when cultured in ASM, forms biofilms and diversifies with respect to phenotype, in a manner that resembles behaviour in the CF lung [30]. We hypothesise that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics will drive bacterial diversification, possibly through a combination of antibiotic-induced mutagenesis or through the regulation of gene transcription [31–36]. Consequently, the objective

of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics has a role to play in promoting P. aeruginosa population diversification during growth in an ASM model. Results Sub-inhibitory antibiotics promote diversification of P. aeruginosa LESB58 The emergence of novel haplotypes was observed in all culture conditions, but the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of Quisinostat mouse certain antibiotics significantly increased both the number of novel haplotypes (p <0.01, LRT = 48.8, d.f. = 6) and the haplotype diversity found within populations (p < 0.01, F6,14 = 5.90) relative to control populations (Figures 1 and 2). However, some antibiotics contributed to this diversity more than others.