B6 mice had a more complex reaction to the increased training; the mice increased freezing behavior in the cued fear conditioning but not contextual

fear conditioning. The second experiment determined whether atomoxetine, a noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor that has been shown to improve attention and decrease hyperactivity, impulsivity, and social withdrawal, would enhance learning. There was a significant increase in freezing behavior in contextual fear conditioning following atomoxetine administration in BTBR mice but not in BE mice. Our data demonstrates that contextual and cued learning in BTBR mice is facilitated by increased training. Furthermore, contextual learning is improved in BTBR mice with use of atomoxetine, which helps to improve attention. Both increased training and pharmacological intervention improved Caspase inhibitor learning in the BTBR mice suggesting a role for the combination of the two. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Although matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) – often but not exclusively coupled with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer – is primarily established Sotrastaurin supplier in the protein field, there is increasing evidence that MALDI MS is also very

useful in lipid research: MALDI MS is fast, sensitive, tolerates sample impurities to a relatively high extent and provides very simple mass spectra without major fragmentation of the analyte. Additionally, MALDI MS devices originally purchased for “”proteomics”" can be used also for lipids without the need of major system alterations.

After

a short introduction into the method and the related ion-forming process, Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase the MALDI mass spectrometric characteristics of the individual lipid (ranging from completely apolar hydrocarbons to complex glycolipids with the focus on glycerophospholipids) classes will be discussed and the progress achieved in the last years emphasized. Special attention will be paid to quantitative aspects of MALDI MS because this is normally considered to be the “”weak”" point of the method, particularly if complex lipid mixtures are to be analyzed. Although the detailed role of the matrix is not yet completely clear, it will be also explicitly shown that the careful choice of the matrix is crucial in order to be able to detect all compounds of interest.

Two rather recent developments will be highlighted: “”Imaging”" MS is nowadays widely established and significant interest is paid in this context to the analysis of lipids because lipids ionize particularly well and are, thus, more sensitively detectable in tissue slices than other biomolecules such as proteins. It will also be shown that MALDI MS can be very easily combined with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) allowing the spatially-resolved screening of the entire TLC plate and the detection of lipids with a higher sensitivity than common staining protocols. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.