Anatomically it includes part of

the medial temporal lobe, the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, ventral precuneus, and the medial, lateral, and inferior parietal cortex. This networks develops during childhood and adolescence and reaches full integration in adults, characterized by coherent infraslow EEG oscillations smaller than 0.1 Hz. The DMN is linked to other low-frequency resting state networks in the brain Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and is anti-correlated with the ventral and dorsal attention network. Measurements of glucose metabolism with positron emission tomography (PET), of structural atrophy with MRI, and intrinsic and task-evoked brain activity with fMRI in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical AD all suggest an increasing disruption in the DMN.62 When AD patients undergo a FDG-PET the pattern of hypometabolism often mirrors the same regions that belong to the posterior parts of the DMN, namely the posterior cingulate cortex, the retrosplenial cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and the lateral temporal cortex.63 Such hypometabolism correlates with the mental status while AD progresses.64 Probands with a genetic risk for AD

of being homozygous for ApoE4 develop this hypometabolism already quite early in the course of the disease.62,65 Disruption in the DMN at the preclinical stages of the disease by accelerated cortical atrophy affects Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the medial temporal lobe and the posterior cingulum and the retrosplenial cortex.63,66 Also, analysis of task-induced deactivation and analysis of intrinsic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical activity correlations show an impaired DMN consistent with metabolic and structural changes.67-69 The DMN is coupled with hippocampus during memory retrieval but not during memory encoding, pointing to the special positioning of the hippocampus between short-term and long-term memory.70 Encoding structures of the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical DMN are among the first to show accumulation of β-amyloid even before symptoms emerge and Rapamycin supplier images of β-amyloid plaques taken at the

earliest stages of AD show a distribution that is remarkably similar to the anatomy of the default network.71 Buckner et al speculate that AD pathology forms preferentially throughout Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II the DMN and may be linked to DMN activity.63 Their basic idea is that the DMN’s continuous activity augments an activity-dependent or metabolism-dependent cascade that starts the β-amyloid cascade in these brain regions. Hence, memory would be affected preferentially by the disease because the DMN is mainly relying on cortical structures that are also vital to memory functions and “burns” them during activity. Interestingly, ApoE4 carriers have also been found to have a higher rate of activity in the DMN at rest compared with ApoE2 or ApoE3 carriers, and decreased connectivity.72-74 A successful connection of this hypothesis with the β-amyloid hypothesis of AD may require any kind of upregulation of β-amyloid during neural activity.