All DEXA scans were performed selleck chemicals llc by the same technician and analyzed via current manufacturer software (enCORE version 13.31). Female subjects were measured during the early follicular phase of their Selleck SRT2104 menstrual cycle, based on reported last menstrual period, to minimize effects of menstrual hormonal changes
on dependent variables. Briefly, subjects were positioned in the scanner according to standard procedures and remained motionless for approximately 15 minutes during scanning. DEXA segments for the arms, legs, and trunk were subsequently obtained using standard anatomical landmarks. Percent fat was calculated by dividing fat mass by the total scanned mass. Quality control calibration procedures were performed prior to all scans Epigenetics inhibitor using a calibration block provided by the manufacturer. Prior to this study, we determined test-retest reliability for repeated measurements of lean mass, bone mineral content, and fat mass with this DEXA via intra-class correlation coefficients [25]. All values were > 0.98. Waist girth (defined as the narrowest part of the trunk between the bottom of the rib cage and the top of the pelvis) and hip girth (defined as the largest laterally projecting prominence of the pelvis or pelvic region from the waist to the thigh) were measured in duplicate using standardized anthropometric procedures
[26]. Seated, resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured in duplicate using an automated sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-711). A baseline 3-d food record was completed for each subject after screening and enrollment, prior to randomization
and intervention. mafosfamide To verify dietary compliance, subjects completed 3-d food records (which included two weekdays and one weekend day) during baseline testing, week 4, and week 8. All food records were analyzed by a state-licensed, registered dietitian using commercially available software (NutriBase IV Clinical Edition, AZ). To enhance accuracy of the food records, all subjects received instruction during baseline testing on how to accurately estimate portion sizes. This counseling was reinforced during each visit to the laboratory. No other dietary supplements were allowed with the exception of standard strength multivitamins. Safety analysis Safety and tolerability of the supplements were assessed through adverse event reports that were coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). The intensity of an adverse event was graded according to the protocol-defined toxicity criteria based on the 2009 DAIDS Therapeutic Research Program’s “Table for Grading Severity of Adult Adverse Experiences [27].” Statistical analyses Descriptive data are summarized using mean ± standard deviation (SD). Differences between groups from baseline to week 4 and baseline to week 8 were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with the baseline scores employed as the covariate.