A practical consequence of these observations for a long-term antimalarial strategy is that drug targets should be encoded by genes located in cold spots rather than hot spots. Genome-wide proteomic analyses have generated a high number

of potential new vaccine candidates. Several new parasite surface antigens have recently been discovered throughout the malaria parasite life cycle (33–35,38,39). The availability of the P. falciparum genome has also allowed the development of new genome-wide see more protein microarrays to probe human plasma from individuals before and after malaria season. These novel genome-wide methods have already delivered important insights into parasite proteins associated with immunoreactivity in an unbiased manner (99–101). It is highly probable that these studies will

soon improve our understanding of the molecular basis of protective immunity and facilitates the discovery of new efficient vaccine strategies. All together, the increasing number and performances of genome-wide technologies is transforming the scientific field. Genomics and systems biological studies have already contributed significantly to a better understanding of the malaria parasite’s biology. Most importantly, they have generated an exceptional pipeline of new drugs targets and vaccine candidates. The challenge today will be to bring these achievements to efficient and affordable antimalarial products. Constantly diminishing costs of high-throughput check details genomics and DNA sequencing technologies have dramatically changed the way science is being done over the past few years. These changes should soon transform the way we assess genetic risk factors and the way we think about medicine, treatments and possible disease eradication in developing countries. Genomics has already greatly contributed to Inositol monophosphatase 1 our understanding of the malaria parasite and the human genetic factors that influence the susceptibility and the response to both malaria

and antimalarial drugs/vaccines. The full integration of the newly acquired knowledge to the disease strategy will undoubtedly provide bases to prevent the resurgence of malaria [e.g. Peru (95)] and the arising and spread of resistances by analysing parasites’ population dynamics and evolution (e.g. resistances to artemisinin in south-east Asia). The catalogue of putative drugs and drug targets has already increased together with the panel of candidates for vaccination strategies. Beyond drug discovery, genomics was recently proven to be particularly efficient in the discovery of a drug mechanism of action within a 2-year time span by coupling drug screening and genomics (97). Ultimately, diagnostic and curative treatment could be improved by genotyping both the host and the infecting parasite. Such optimized treatment would contribute to a better use of drugs and a better management of the spread of resistances.