40,57 For example, increased expression of NGAL was found in kidney epithelial cells during ischaemic injury.47,50 Of the aforementioned Trametinib biomarkers, none has met all of these criteria. While TEC biomarkers await further validation by assessing in consecutive series of patients with multiple aetiologies and longitudinal studies, urinary tubular biomarkers that can be

measured non-invasively may be useful as a preliminary screening assay (Table 1). Patients testing positive for certain biomarkers could then be considered for allograft biopsy to determine the nature of the injury. For example, CXCL-10, NGAL or HLA-DR ELISA assays which showed >80% specificity may facilitate in selecting true-positives (i.e. high risk for allograft rejection) patients for biopsy while ruling out false positives,57 limiting unnecessary biopsy procedures. Moreover, tubular

biomarkers that are induced during AR or acute injury such as NGAL and KIM-1 have been shown in different studies to improve the sensitivity for early detection of postoperative kidney injury compared with the routine measurement of serum creatinine,52,57 which is a relatively late manifestation of graft dysfunction.64–66 Alternatively, these tests may also be applied in the setting of delayed graft function, where there is a persistently elevated serum creatinine. In conclusion, non-invasive measurements of urinary tubular biomarkers can provide information of the microenvironment of the allograft in transplant recipients. MAPK Inhibitor Library cell line Monitoring their response to host immune system may reveal early state of injury and thus allow the clinician to provide timely intervention. Future advancements in modulating the expression of these biomarkers on tubular cells may also potentially aid in identifying new therapeutic targets. Our hope is that the completion of multicentre, large cohort studies using a range of biomarker assays will ensure uptake of these new tests for routine clinical

monitoring of renal transplant patients in the near future. YT would like to thank the University of Otago for a publishing bursary. “
“Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a highly prevalent inherited disorder and results in the progressive development of cysts in both kidneys. In recent studies, several cytokines and growth factors Avelestat (AZD9668) secreted by the cyst-lining epithelia were identified to be upregulated and promote cyst growth. According to our previous study, chemokines with a similar amino acid sequence as human interleukin-8 (IL-8) are highly expressed in a rodent model with renal cysts. Therefore, in this study, we focused on whether IL-8 signalling is associated with renal cyst formation, and tested the possibility of IL-8 as a new therapeutic target for ADPKD. Expression of IL-8 and its receptor were screened either by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western blot.