4 GHz physical layer (PHY) of IEEE 802.15.4, and as a result, we use only one interfering signal for the mathematical evaluation. A behavior on the packet capture similar to that reported in [16,18] is also observed in [20] with Freescale MC1224 transceivers [22], which, again, operate in 2.4 GHz. The experiments conducted in interferer power-dominant (with respect to the noise) environments in [16,18�C20] show a couple of common behaviors: (i) the receiver starts capturing the useful packet when signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) goes beyond 0 dB; (ii) packet reception rate (PRR) reaches one for values of SINR larger than 4 dB (please see in [16], Figure 5 and Figure 16, for CC1000 and CC2420, respectively; in [18], Figure 4 for CC2420; in [19], Figure 7c for CC2420; and in [20], Figure 3 for MC13192).

Figure 3.The impact of of the interferer: the asynchronous case. (a) Useful signal; (b) Qd-I domain representation of useful signal; (c) Interferer signal; (d) Qd-I domain representation of interferer signal; (e) Qd-I domain representation of received signal.Figure 4.Chip error rate: the case of coherent O-QPSK demodulation. CER, chip error rate; SIR, signal-to-interference ratio.Figure 5.Phase transitions of the complex envelope. (a) Example phase transition sequence; (b) All possible phase transitions.Figure 7.Packet reception rate (PRR).Although the experimental results in [16,18�C20] agree with each other, there is no theoretical model, purely based on mathematical analysis, which can be applied to the 2.4 GHz PHY of IEEE 802.15.4 to explain such characteristics.

Motivated by this consideration, we propose an analytical framework to investigate the behavior of the IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz PHY layer. A review of low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN) solutions, including IEEE 802.15.4, can be found in [23].The impact of interference in wireless sensor networks plays a very important role and can severely degrade the overall performance of the network and the efficiency of the upper layers. In our opinion, this aspect has not been sufficiently addressed in past years. In a dense sensor network deployment, where many nodes are periodically sending data to the sink, concurrent transmissions are highly probable. However, the probability of having a collision because of more than two concurrent transmissions is relatively low [18,20], thanks Carfilzomib to CSMA-CA.

In such conditions, the performance of the receiver depends on the overall amount of interferer signal energy and does not change with the number of interferers [18,21]. Hence, solely the impact of one interferer on the capture probability will be considered in the mathematical analysis.On the other hand, we believe this study can also contribute to the identification of signal reception models for network simulators.