19 ± 0.66. The mean volume of the injected CaP cement was 3.98 ± 0.88 mL (Table 1). Table 1 Characteristics of patients Characteristics Value Age (year) 69.42 ± 10.26 Sex (M/F) 4/10 Bone mineral density (T score) −3.19 ± 0.66. Filler material volume (mL) 3.98 ± 0.88 Mean follow-up period (month) 25.43 ± 1.91 (24–30 months) Location of compression fracture find more From T8 to L5 1 (T8); 2 (T11); 2 (T12); 4 (L1); 4 (L2); 1

(L1) Morphological changes of injected CaP (number of patients) Seven of 14 patients (50%) Reabsorption (6) Osteogenesis (2) Condensation (2) Bone cement fracture (1) Heterotopic ossification (3) Progression of compression of treated vertebrae 11 of 14 patients (78.6%) Morphological changes of the injected CaP Seven patients (50.0%) showed morphological changes of the injected CaP cement for the follow-up period, and seven patients (50.0%) did not. The morphological changes of the injected CaP cement in the vertebral bodies were variable and unpredictable. The morphological changes of the injected CaP included reabsorption, condensation, bone formation (osteogenesis), fracture compound screening assay of the CaP solid hump, and heterotopic ossification (Table 1, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4). These phenomena occurred in complex and serial fashions (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). Six patients presented with reabsorption of the CaP cement (Figs. 1, 2, 3,

and 4). Osteogenesis in the augmented vertebral body developed after reabsorption of the CaP and could be detected by serial follow-up plain X-ray films showing an increasing density of the vertebral body when compared with the initial X-ray films (Figs. 1 and 2). Two patients presented with osteogenesis. Condensation of the CaP cement was seen

in two cases; the diffusely injected CaP was condensed and reduced in size in the vertebral body. Heterotopic ossification occurred in three patients (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). The heterotopic ossification developed around the CaP-cement-augmented vertebral body. In one case (Fig. 3), as a result of the heterotopic ossification, bone fusion occurred below and above the CaP-augmented vertebral body. Janus kinase (JAK) This patient developed new compression fractures at those two levels (Fig. 3). Two out of three of the patients who developed heterotopic ossifications had osteonecrosis in the compressed vertebrae (Figs. 2 and 3). In one case, an acute fracture of the selleck compound CaP-cemented vertebral body occurred, and a fracture of the solid hump of the CaP cement was detected at the refractured vertebral body (Fig. 4). Fig. 1 Lateral plain films of a 57-year-old man with an L1 compression fracture. a Initially, the L1 vertebral body was compressed. b Immediate postoperative lateral plain X-ray showed well-deposited CaP cement. c Twelve months after the vertebroplasty, recollapse and heterotopic ossification occurred (arrow), and the injected CaP was reabsorbed. d Twenty-four months after the vertebroplasty, the heterotopic ossification was condensed and osteogenesis had developed in the vertebral body Fig.