To examine the potential correlation between the hemolytic effect and the cell viability of fibroblasts exposed to terpenes, the concentration that causes 50% hemolysis for each terpene was plotted against

that for IC50 (Fig. 4); a weak correlation (R = 0.61) was observed. The experimental (black line) and best-fit (red line) EPR spectra 5-DSA in erythrocyte Sunitinib membranes untreated and treated with the terpenes 1,8-cineole and nerolidol are shown in Fig. 5. Spectral simulations allowed us to evaluate the mobility of the spin label in erythrocyte membrane. The experimental line shapes were fitted with the program NLLS using models of one or two spectral components. The presence of two components

in the spectra was only observed at high concentrations of some terpenes. The average of τc was calculated according to the equation: τc = N1 * τc1 + N2 * τc2, where N1 and N2 are the population of component 1 and 2, respectively, and τc1 and τc2 are the respective rotation correlation selleck kinase inhibitor times. The behavior of the τc parameter with the terpene concentration in RBC suspension is shown in Fig. 6. Upon nerolidol addition, the τc increases significantly until the terpene:cell ratio reaches ∼19 × 109:1. Notably, while the effects of the monoterpenes were similar along the entire concentration range, the sesquiterpene (nerolidol) showed a considerably greater effect, similar to the hemolytic effect and cell viability. To compare the terpene concentration that causes cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts with terpene concentration that changes membrane fluidity, we performed a measure of fluidity directly on the fibroblast membrane. Fig. 7 shows the EPR spectra and the corresponding values of the rotational correlation time. At a ratio

Vasopressin Receptor of 6.3 × 1010/cell, all terpenes caused strong increases in membrane fluidity, and nerolidol was the most potent. Comparing the τc values for the control samples in Fig. 5 and Fig. 7, it can be noted that the fibroblast membrane is much more fluid than that of erythrocytes. Chemical penetration enhancers are important for use in transdermal drug delivery systems and as components of formulations to enhance topical drug absorption for the treatment of many skin diseases. However, the difficulty of restricting their effects to the outermost stratum corneum layer to avoid irritation or toxicity in deeper skin layers has severely limited their application (Prausnitz and Langer, 2008). It is generally accepted that chemical enhancers might increase the permeability of a drug by affecting the intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum via lipid extraction or fluidization (Barry, 1991, Yamane et al., 1995 and Zhao and Singh, 1998).