Fluorescent-stained areas of vessel walls were selected and the fluorescence intensity was quantified using image analyzer software (Axio Vision® 4.8 version, Carl-Zeiss, Germany). The same procedures were carried out in sections

of lung tissue incubated without antibody or using goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G to evaluate the background reaction. Leucocytes collected from blood of the abdominal aorta of vehicle or HQ exposed mice were employed to quantify L-selectin, β2-integrin, β3-integrin and PECAM-1 expression. Briefly, erythrocytes were lysed by the Alectinib mw addition of ammonium chloride solution (0.13 M) to the samples and leukocytes were recovered after washing with Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS). To quantify the expression of adhesion molecules, leukocytes (1 × 105) were incubated for 20–60 min in the dark at 4 °C with 10 μl of monoclonal antibody (L-selectin conjugated with FITC; β2 or β3-integrin Selleck ZD1839 conjugated with FITC or PECAM-1 conjugated with PE). After that, the cells were analyzed in

a FACS Calibur flow cytometer (Becton & Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA). Data from 10,000 events were obtained and only the morphologically viable leukocytes were considered for analysis. Results are presented as arbitrary units of fluorescence. In order to study the ability of HQ to induce peroxidation of fatty acids in cell membranes, plasma levels of MDA

were determined in mice exposed to vehicle or 25 ppm HQ. For this purpose, 250 μl of plasma were added to 36 μl of 0.2% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in ethanol and 12.5 μl of 10 M NaOH followed by incubation at 60 °C for 30 min. Afterward, 1500 μl of 7.2% trichloroacetic acid with 1% potassium iodide were added to the sample and placed on ice for 10 min. The sample was centrifuged (1000 × g for 10 min), and 1000 μl of the supernatant were removed and mixed with 500 μl of 0.6% thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The solution was incubated at 90 °C for 45 min. Next, 250 μl of n-butanol were added to the sample, and the mixture was vortexed and centrifuged (600 × g for 5 min). The n-butanol phase was collected and injected in the HLPC-DAD system, using the following chromatographic conditions. A 150 mm × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm C18 column (Phenomenex, Torrance, DNA Methyltransferas inhibitor CA) with a C18 security guard cartridge, 4.0 mm × 3.0 mm (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA), was eluted in isocratic mode with a mobile phase consisting of 35% MeOH and 65% potassium phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0), at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and 30 °C. The diode array detector was set at 532 nm and calibration curves were constructed in the range of 0.5–5.0 μM of MDA standard dissolved in PBS. Leukocytes collected from blood from the abdominal aorta of vehicle or HQ exposed mice were employed to quantify oxidative burst.