After washing three times with PBS-T, 100 μl of goat anti-rabbit antiserum conjugated

with horseradish peroxidase (diluted 1:3000 in PBS-T) was added as secondary antibody and plates were incubated for 40 min at 37 °C. After three PBS-T buy Cabozantinib washes, 100 μl of substrate solution (25 mg O-phenylenediamine, 25 μl H2O2 in 25 ml 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 5.0) was added to each well and incubated for 40 min at 37 °C. The reaction was stopped by addition of 50 μl 1.0 N H2SO4 to each well and optical density was read at 492 nm on a Labsystems Multiskan MCC/340 (ThermoQuest SEG Ltd., Basingstoke, UK). MAGs and SVs of male mosquitoes were dissected into ice-cold PBS and fixed in 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde in PBS at 4 °C overnight. Fixed tissues were washed four times in PBS before incubation for 2 days at 4 °C with anti-FMRFamide primary antibody diluted 1:500 in 0.3% v/v Triton X-100 in PBS (TX-PBS) containing 2% v/v goat serum). A control was performed by incubating fixed tissue with 2% (v/v) goat serum in TX-PBS without the primary antibody. Excess reagent was washed away

with TX-PBS (4 × 15 min) before incubating samples for 2 days at 4 °C with secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-rabbit IgG, Invitrogen, Paisley, UK). Secondary antibody was diluted 1:500 in TX-PBS containing MEK inhibitor clinical trial 2% v/v goat serum. A further control was performed by pre-incubating 250 μl of secondary antibody (diluted 1:500 in TX-PBS containing 2% v/v goat serum) with 25 μl of 1 mM Aea-HP-1 prior to incubation with tissue. Excess reagent was washed away with TX-PBS (4 × 15 min) before mounting tissue on slides for confocal microscopy. Mounting was performed in 4,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) Loperamide diluted 1:1000 in Vectashield® Mounting Medium (Vector Laboratories Ltd., Peterborough, UK). Slides were stored

in the dark at 4 °C overnight before microscopic examination. Images were captured using an inverted LSM510 META laser scanning confocal (Carl Zeiss) microscope. Pinholes were set to 1 Airy Unit which gave a 1 μm optical section with a 40× oil immersion objective. Alexa Fluor 546 was excited with the 543 nm HeNe laser and emission was collected through a long pass LP560 emission filter. DAPI was excited with a 405 nm laser diode and emission was collected through a LP420 emission filter. For determining the volume of the MAG, the gland surface was non-specifically coated with Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-rabbit IgG and serial optical z-sections were collected using confocal microscopy as described above (omitting the collection of the DAPI channel) through the full depth of the gland with z-steps of 0.5 μm. Approximately 60–80 images were required to image the full volume of the MAG. Image stacks were then imported into Imaris software (version 5.7, Bitplane AG, Zurich, Switzerland).