This subaverage for each data entry is calculated as the grand average (with one participant removed). Therefore when N = 18 participants, each data entry is the mean of 17 participants instead of one ( Bryce et al., 2011, Miller et al., 1998 and Ulrich and Miller, 2001). This method is found to reduce variation

and increase signal to noise ratio. In order to compensate for the artificial reduction of variance a correction is used to adjust the critical F value. Onset latencies of the smoothed LRP waveform were determined at 70% of the relevant peak’s amplitude. Muscle activity was recorded using EMG. Using an MP150 data acquisition unit (Biopac Inc.) EMG was measured by EMG110C amplifiers. EMG110S shielded touch-proof leads where connected to two disposable cloth-based hypoallergenic Ag-AgCl EL504 recording disc electrodes. The electrodes were placed along the left Regorafenib cost and right flexors of the thumb (flexor pollicis Obeticholic Acid cost brevis). An electrode on the left elbow was used as a ground. Before the electrodes were applied the skin was washed with soap and cleaned with alcohol wipes. The electrodes were attached by adhesive solid gel. EMG was sampled at 2000 Hz and band-pass filtered between 10 and 500 Hz. The data were then rectified and scaled relative to the maximum

amplitude in each individual as measured from continuous data. EMG was baseline corrected between −100 and 0 msec relative to stimulus presentation and is displayed as a percentage of the maximum value measured. Epochs extended from −100 to 1000 msec relative to stimulus presentation. Grand average EMG waves were calculated for each condition and smoothed with a 50 msec moving average window. Point-by-point group (3) × congruency (3) ANOVAs were performed on the mean amplitudes of correct hand activity and incorrect hand activity between 200 and 600 msec. In order for effects to be considered significant they had to be longer than 20 sampling points at an alpha

level of p < .01 ( Szucs and Soltész, 2010a and Szucs et al., 2009b). As stated previously, first the major ERP components (P3a, P3b, N450 and LRP) were identified in the original (raw) ERP waveforms to examine differences in the early stimulus and later response stages of processing. Second, group × congruency ANOVA's were examined to isolate congruency effects. If significant congruency effects were identified, stimulus and response Sitaxentan conflict effects in the difference waves were analyzed (RC − CON, SC − CON, RC − SC). Accuracy and RT values are presented in Table 2. A repeated measures ANOVA of group (adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults) × condition was performed on RT and accuracy data. In terms of accuracy there was a significant congruency effect [F(2,102) = 8.63, ɛ = .536, p = .0040]. Post hoc Tukey contrasts revealed that there were more incorrect responses in the RC condition compared to SC condition (p = .0012, 88.9 vs 93.8%) and compared to the congruent condition (p = .