In addition, genes associated with lipid metabolism were altered by both treatments. Interestingly, only the parental compound (AA) significantly induced expression levels of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, in particular ATP synthase, which correlated with elevated ATP levels, indicating an increased energy demand in liver during AA exposure. Acrylamide-treated mice also showed significantly higher activity of glutathione S-transferase in association with decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), which may imply an enhanced rate of conjugation of AA with GSH in liver. These results suggest different hepatic mechanisms of action
of AA and GA and provide important insights into the involvement of mitochondria during their exposures.”
“Trifluoroacetic acid is a metabolite BAY 11-7082 chemical structure of the inhaled anesthetics halothane, desflurane and isoflurane as well as a major contaminant in HPLC-purified peptides. Ligand-gated Verubecestat supplier ion channels, including cys-loop receptors such as the glycine receptor, have been the targets of peptide-based drug
design and are considered to be likely candidates for mediating the effects of anesthetics in vivo, but the possible secondary contributions of contaminants and metabolites to these effects have not been studied. We used two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology to test glycine, GABA(A) and 5-HT3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes for their sensitivities to sodium trifluoroacetate.
Trifluoroacetate (100 mu
M-3 mM) enhanced the currents elicited by low concentrations of glycine applied to alpha 1 homomeric and alpha 1 Gemcitabine cell line beta heteromeric glycine receptors, but it had no effects when co-applied with a maximally-effective glycine concentration. Trifluoroacetate had no effects on alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2S GABA(A) or 5-HT3A receptors at any GABA or serotonin concentration tested.
The results demonstrate that trifluoroacetate acts as an allosteric modulator at the glycine receptor with greater specificity than other known modulators. These results have important implications for both the secondary effects of volatile anesthetics and the presence of contaminating trifluoroacetate in HPLC-purified peptides, which is potentially an important source of experimental variability or error that requires control. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Metabolic labeling of plant tissues with N-15 has become widely used in plant proteomics. Here, we describe a robust experimental design and data analysis workflow implementing two parallel biological replicate experiments with reciprocal labeling and series of 1:1 control mixtures. Thereby, we are able to unambiguously distinguish (i) inherent biological variation between cultures and (ii) specific responses to a biological treatment. The data analysis workflow is based on first determining the variation between cultures based on N-15/N-14 ratios in independent 1:1 mixtures before biological treatment is applied.