Due to poor survival with conventional therapy, frequent causes

of death are related to progressive disease, opportunistic infection or other HIV-related complications. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with the unique presentation of PEL and cytological analysis of the involved effusion fluid. The definitive diagnosis rests upon the morphological, immune see more phenotype and virological content of the affected tumour cells. Morphologically the cells are large, have round-to-irregular nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli, and may have the appearance of immunoblasts, plasmablasts and/or anaplastic forms [8]. Detection of evidence of viral infection is a sine qua non to make the diagnosis, and although serological evidence of infection informs of previous infection, immunohistochemical staining

for LANA-1 expression is the standard for detecting HHV8 in tumour samples. Quantitative measurements of HHV8 viral load are available but no studies have yet demonstrated correlation of viral mass with prognosis or response to therapy. The immunophenotype of PEL cells displays a ‘null’ lymphocyte phenotype with expression of CD45 but absence of characteristic B cell markers (CD19, CD20, CD79a) and T cell markers (CD3, CD4, CD8). The cells express activation markers (CD30, CD38, CD71, Nivolumab order HLA DR) and plasma cell markers (CD138) [8]. The cells are of B cell origin as evidenced by the presence of immunoglobulin Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) gene rearrangements and somatic hypermutation [9]. Cytogenetic evaluation has revealed complex karyotypes but no recurrent chromosomal abnormalities [10]. The differential diagnosis from that of another NHL subtype associated with a lymphomatous effusion is the clinical appearance without solid LN masses and the requirement for HHV8 evidence and typical immunophenotype, which should leave little room for error. Due to the low incidence of the disease, randomized clinical trials are not feasible and as such, there is no clear standard of care established to treat PEL. Since the

widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection has declined and, in particular, treatment results for HIV-associated lymphoma have improved. Unfortunately the results for HIV-associated PEL remain disappointing and no specific treatment regimen is currently recommended for PEL. There have been sporadic case reports of HAART-induced responses alone [11] and the use of HAART in any treatment regimen is recommended. In a single institution study [12], which included 11 cases of PEL, treatment with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) resulted in an overall response rate of 42% and median survival of 6 months despite standard concomitant HAART.